Gramatika pa inglish
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d) '''be'''- (changes the object): ''dumi (to think) – bedumi koysa (ponder over something)'', ''chori (to steal) – bechori koywan (to rob somebody)'' | d) '''be'''- (changes the object): ''dumi (to think) – bedumi koysa (ponder over something)'', ''chori (to steal) – bechori koywan (to rob somebody)'' | ||
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== Prepositions == | == Prepositions == | ||
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1.1. After a preposition there may be: | 1.1. After a preposition there may be: | ||
| − | a) a noun (or a noun group) | + | a) a noun (or a noun group): ''fo (for) molya (wife) – for wife'' |
| − | + | b) a verb: ''fo (for) miti (to meet) – in order to meet'' | |
| − | + | c) '''ke''' + phrase: ''fo (for) ke ("that") yu (you) samaji (to understand) – in order that you understand'' | |
| − | + | 1.2. If necessary, the preposition may be put after the word. In this case there has to be the particle '''den''': ''den kinda (child) om (about) – about the child'' | |
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| + | === 2. Simple prepositions === | ||
| − | 1. | + | 2.1. belonging: '''de''': ''kitaba (book) de boy (boy) – the book of the boy'' |
| − | + | 2.2. direction: '''a''': ''dai (to give) a me (I) – give me'' | |
| + | 2.3. purpose: '''fo''': ''dona (gift) fo yu (you) – a gift for you'' | ||
| − | 2. | + | 2.4. cause: '''por''': ''bu (not) lai (to come) por morba (desease) – not come because of a disease '' |
| − | 2. | + | 2.5. topic, object: '''om''': ''dumi (to think) om molya (wife) – to think about the wife'' |
| − | + | 2.6. with, without: '''kun, sin''': ''promeni (to walk) kun kinda (child) – to walk with the child, chay (tea) sin sukra (sugar) – tea without sugar'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.7. doer, tool: '''bay''': ''chi (to eat) bay chiza (spoon) – to eat with a spoon'', ''gana (song) (skriben (written)) bay Vysotski – a song by Vesotski'' |
| − | + | 2.8. object of action: '''an''': ''kansa (glance) an dom (house) – a glance at the house'' | |
| − | + | 2.9. accordance: '''segun''': ''plei (to play) segun regula (rule) – to play according to the rules'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.10. means: '''via''': ''en-jan (to learn) habar (news) via visin (neighbor) – to learn the news from the neighbor'' |
| − | + | 2.11. change, exchange: '''pur''': ''kupi (to buy) pur mani (money) – to buy with money, zwo (to do) pur amiga (friend) – to do instead of a friend'' | |
| − | + | 2.12. simultaneity, circumstances: '''al''': ''lagi (to lie) al lekti (to read) – to lie reading, al se (this) ta (he / she) en-stan *to stand up) - at this he / she stand up'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.13. material: '''aus''': ''kastela (castle) aus ramla (sand) – a castle (made) out of the sand'' |
| − | + | 2.14. characteristic feature: '''do''': ''okula (glasses) do surya (sun) – sunglasses'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.15. relation: '''relatem''': ''me (I) es (is / are/ am) neutrale (neutral) relatem sey (this) kwesta (question) – I'm neutral concerning this question'' |
| − | + | 2.16. support: '''pro''': ''li (they) shwo (say, talk) pro guverna (government) – they talk pro government'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.17. opposition: '''kontra''': ''kontra may (my) vola (will) – against my will'' |
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| − | + | === 3. Prepositions of correlations === | |
| − | + | 3.1. replacement: '''inplas''': ''onpon (to put on) jupa (skirt) inplas panta (trousers) – to put on the skirt instead of trousers'' | |
| − | + | 3.2. exception: '''exepte''': ''oli (all, everybody) exepte me (I) – everybody except me'' | |
| − | + | 3.3. besides: '''krome''': ''lu (he) hev (to have) mucho (many) amiga (friend) krome me (I) – he has a lot of friend besides me'' | |
| − | + | 3.4. concession: '''malgree''': ''nu (we) promeni (to walk) malgree pluva (rain) – we walk in spite of the rain'' | |
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| − | + | === 4. Prepositions of situation === | |
| − | + | '' (the mark '''komo''' means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)'' | |
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| − | 4. Prepositions of situation (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb) | + | |
4.1. in limits: | 4.1. in limits: | ||
| − | a) in (in) | + | a) '''in''' (in): ''promeni (to walk) in shulin (forest) – to walk in a forest'' |
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| − | + | b) '''inen''' (inside (komo)): ''ye (there is) koysa (something) inen boxa (box) – there is something inside the box'' | |
| − | + | 4.2. outside: '''ausen''' (komo): ''may (my) oma (grandmother) jivi (lives) ausen urba (city) – my grandmother lives outside the city'' | |
| − | 4. | + | 4.3. near: '''bli''' (komo): ''skola (school) es (is) bli dom (house) – the school is near the house'' |
| − | + | 4.4. at the other side of: '''traen''' (komo): ''Es (is) tume (dark) traen winda (window). – It's dark outside (the window).'' | |
4.5. in relation to other things: | 4.5. in relation to other things: | ||
| − | a) inter (between) | + | a) '''inter''' (between): ''nu (we) es (is / are) inter skay (sky) e (and) arda (earth) – we are between the sky and the earth'' |
| − | + | b) '''miden''' (among): ''miden amigas (friends) – among the friends'' | |
| − | + | 4.6. linear sequence: '''bifoo''' (before), '''afte''' (after) | |
| − | + | - ''In (in) sey (this) fila (line, queue) yu (you) es (is / are) bifoo me (I) e (and) afte ela (she). – In this line you are before me and after | |
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4.7. sequence in space: | 4.7. sequence in space: | ||
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Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. | Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. | ||
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| + | - ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke" | ||
| + | (thank you). – Before meal one should wash the hands, and after the meal one should say "thank you". | ||
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● shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian | ● shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian | ||
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== Conjunctions == | == Conjunctions == | ||
