Gramatika pa inglish

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(The alphabet and pronounciation)
(Word stress)
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The general rule is as follows: the vowel before the last consonant or "y" is stressed.
 
The general rule is as follows: the vowel before the last consonant or "y" is stressed.
 +
 +
  
 
Thus, if the word ends in a consonant, the last syllable is stressed:
 
Thus, if the word ends in a consonant, the last syllable is stressed:
  
kalam – pencil
+
kalAm – pencil,
 +
sabAh – morning
  
sabah – morning
 
  
 
If the word ends in a vowel, the syllable before the last one is stressed:
 
If the word ends in a vowel, the syllable before the last one is stressed:
  
mata – mother
+
mAta – mother,
 +
kitAba – book,
 +
famIlia – family
  
kitaba – book
 
 
familia – family
 
  
  
 
The "y" itself is never stressed, it can affect the stress position though:  
 
The "y" itself is never stressed, it can affect the stress position though:  
  
dey – day
+
dEy – day,
 
+
ruchEy – brook
ruchey – brook
+
  
  
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not stressed in "ao":
 
not stressed in "ao":
  
dao – way
+
dao – way,
 
+
auto – car,
auto – car
+
euro – euro,
 
+
fail – file,
euro – euro
+
meil – mail,
 
+
fail – file
+
 
+
meil – mail
+
 
+
 
asteroida – asteroid
 
asteroida – asteroid
  
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Thus, there are 4 endings that are never stressed:
 
Thus, there are 4 endings that are never stressed:
-um
 
  
forum – forum
+
-'''um''' (fOrum – forum, vAkum – vacuum, sIrkum – around)
  
vakum vacuum
+
-'''us''' (vIrus virus, tOnus – tonus, sIrkus – circus)
  
sirkum around
+
-'''er''' (sUper super, kompyUter – computer)
  
-us
+
-'''en''' (exAmen – exam, Iven – even)
  
virus – virus
 
  
tonus – tonus
 
  
sirkus – circus
+
Endings -'''ik'''- and -'''ul'''- in simple (not compound) nouns and adjectives are not stressed:
  
-er
+
gramAtika – grammar, pUblika – audience, Afrika – Africa, polItike – politic, lOgike – logic
  
super super
+
stImula stimulus, fAbula – fairy-tale, fOrmula – formule
  
kompyuter – computer
 
  
-en
+
-'''im''' in "mInim" (the least), "mInimum", "mAximum" is not stressed.
  
examen – exam
 
 
iven – even
 
 
Endings -ik- and -ul- in simple (not compound) nouns and adjectives are not stressed:
 
 
gramatika – grammar
 
 
publika – audience
 
 
Afrika – Africa
 
 
politike – politic
 
 
logike – logic
 
 
stimula – stimulus
 
 
fabula – fairy-tale
 
 
formula – formule
 
 
-im in "minim" (the least), "minimum", "maximum" is not stressed.
 
  
  
 
In some special cases the non-standard stress is indicated by doubled vowel:
 
In some special cases the non-standard stress is indicated by doubled vowel:
  
adyoo – bye
+
adyoo – bye, namastee – hello, how do you do
  
namastee – hello, how do you do
 
  
  
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The stress doesn't change when using the following:
 
The stress doesn't change when using the following:
  
● the plural form of nouns (+ (e)s):
 
 
kitaba / kitabas – book / books, man / manes – man / men
 
 
● adverbs formed from adjectives:
 
  
jamile / jamilem beautiful / beautifully
+
● the plural form of nouns (+ (e)s): kitAba / kitAbas book / books, man / mAnes – man / men
  
nouns formed from verbs:
+
adverbs formed from adjectives: jamIle / jamIlem – beautiful / beautifully
  
lopi / loping – run / running
+
● nouns formed from verbs: lOpi / lOping – run / running
  
 
== Simple sentence ==
 
== Simple sentence ==

Revision as of 19:02, 15 April 2014

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