Gramatika pa inglish
(→Prepositions) |
(→4. Prepositions of situation) |
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| − | + | 4.7. sequence in space: '''avanen''' (in front of (komo)), '''baken''' (behind (komo)): ''avanen kolona – in front of the column, baken dwar – behind the door'' | |
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| − | 4.7. sequence in space: | + | |
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4.8. vertically: | 4.8. vertically: | ||
| − | a) on (on) | + | a) '''on''' (on): ''Kitaba (book) es (is / are) on tabla (table). – The book is on the table.'' |
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| − | + | b) '''sobre''' (above), '''sub''' (under): ''Papagay (parrot) flai (to fly) sobre tabla (table), kota (cat) sidi (to sit) sub lemar (wardrobe). – The parrot flies over the table, the cat sits under the wardrobe.'' | |
| − | + | c) '''uuparen''' (up, at the upper part of (komo)), '''nichen''' (at the lower part of (komo)): ''nichen kolina (hill) — at the bottom of the hill, fon (from) uuparen — from above'' | |
4.9. horizontally: | 4.9. horizontally: | ||
| − | a) flanken (at the side of (komo)) | + | a) '''flanken''' (at the side of (komo)): ''Flanken dom (house) ye (there is) garden (garden). – At the side of the house there is a garden.'' |
| − | + | b) '''leften''' (at the left (komo)), '''desnen''' (on the right (komo)): ''In (in) korpa (body) kordia (heart) es (is / are) leften. – In the body the heart is at the left.'' | |
| − | + | 4.10. around: '''sirkum''' (komo): ''sirkum dom (house) – around the house'' | |
| − | + | 4.11. opposition: '''kontra''' (komo): ''Teatra (theater) es (is / are) kontra sirkus (circus). – The theater is in front of the circus.'' | |
| − | 4. | + | 4.12. a typical place or feature: '''she''': ''Me (I) es (is / are) she me (I). – I am at mine.'' |
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| − | + | === 5. Prepositions of movement === | |
| − | + | (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb) | |
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| − | 5. Prepositions of movement (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb) | + | |
5.1. direction to: | 5.1. direction to: | ||
| − | a) a | + | a) '''a''': ''Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) a dom (to the house). – I'm going (walking) to the house (home).'' |
| − | + | b) '''versu''': ''Treba (it is necessary) turni (to turn) versu dom (home). – One should turn towards home.'' | |
| − | + | 5.2. direction from: '''fon''': ''May (my) mata (mother) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) fon dom (house) fo (for) miti (to meet) me (I). – My mother is walking from the house in order to meet me.'' | |
| − | + | 5.3. into: '''inu''' (komo): ''Bye (don't) stan (stand), go (go) inu dom (house). – Don’t stand, go into the house.'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.4. out of: '''aus''' (komo): ''Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) findi (to find) dao (way) aus shulin (forest). – I can't find the way out of the forest.'' |
| − | + | 5.5. through: '''tra''': ''Me (I) mog (can) vidi (to see) yu (you) tra winda (window). – I can see you through the window.'' | |
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| − | 5. | + | 5.6. along: '''along''': ''go (to go) along riva (river) – to go along the river'' |
| − | + | 5.7. vertically: '''uupar''' (up (komo)), '''nich''' (down (komo)): ''go (to go) uupar kolina (hill) – to go up the hill'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.8. horizontally: '''avan''' (forward, ahead (komo)), '''bak''' (back (komo)): ''go (to go) bak kamina (road) – to go back along the road'' |
| − | + | 5.9. impact: '''kontra''' (against): ''Me (I) apogi (lean) kontra mur (wall). – I lean against the wall.'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.10. past, by:''' pas''': ''Oni (one, they) go (go) pas e (and) bu (not) merki (to notice) nixa (nothing). – They are going past and don't notice anything.'' |
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| − | + | === 6. Prepositions of time === | |
| − | + | 6.1. period: '''fo''': ''me (I) pren (to take) it (it) fo tri (three) dey (day) – I take it for three days'' | |
| − | + | 6.2. duration: '''duran''': ''duran gwer (war) – during the war'' | |
| − | + | 6.3. beginning: '''depos''': ''Me (I) es (is / are / am) hir (here) depos klok (o'clock) sit (six). – I've been here since six o'clock.'' | |
| − | + | 6.4. limits: '''fon, til''': ''Me (I) majbur (to have to) bi (to be) hir (here) fon sabah (morning) til aksham (evening). – I have to be here from morning till evening.'' | |
| − | + | 6.5. in, after: '''afte''': | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) hir (here) afte (after) klok (o'clock) sit (six). - I'll be here after six o'clock.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) lai (to come) afte dwa (two) minuta (minute). - I'll be back in two minutes.'' | |
| − | + | 6.6. by: '''bifoo''' | |
| − | + | - ''Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. '' | |
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| − | Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. | + | |
- ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke" | - ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke" | ||
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| − | 7. Prepositions of number | + | === 7. Prepositions of number === |
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| − | + | 7.1. approximate: '''sirke''': ''sirke dwa (two) metra (meter) – about two meters '' | |
| − | 7. | + | 7.2. distribution per unit: '''per''': ''dwa (two) dolar (dollars) per jen (man) – two dollars per head'' |
| − | + | 7.3. distribution into portions: '''po''': ''Olo (all, everything) es (is / are) po dwa (two) dolar (dollar). – Everything costs two dollars each piece.'' | |
| − | 8. Preposition of general meaning: pa | + | === 8. Preposition of general meaning: '''pa''' === |
| − | + | - ''pa fortuna (luck) – fortunately'' | |
| − | + | - ''pa mur (wall) – at the wall '' | |
| − | + | - ''shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian'' | |
== Conjunctions == | == Conjunctions == | ||
