Gramatika pa inglish
(→4. Adverb) |
(→5. Verb) |
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- ''Li (they) shuki (to look for) ol (whole) dey (day), bat (but) vanem. – The have been looking for it during the whole day, but in vain.'' | - ''Li (they) shuki (to look for) ol (whole) dey (day), bat (but) vanem. – The have been looking for it during the whole day, but in vain.'' | ||
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=== 5. Verb === | === 5. Verb === | ||
| − | Examples: vidi (to see), jan (to know), shwo (to talk). | + | Examples: ''vidi (to see), jan (to know), shwo (to talk). |
| + | '' | ||
| + | 5.1. Verb form doesn't change. Grammar meaning are expressed with special particles. Exception: '''bi''' (to be) – '''es''' (is / are / am) – '''bin''' (was / were). | ||
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5.2. Tenses | 5.2. Tenses | ||
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If there is any indication of time of action, the basic verb form can be used. | If there is any indication of time of action, the basic verb form can be used. | ||
| − | + | - ''Unves (once) me (I) miti (to meet) rega (king / queen). – Once I met a king / queen.'' | |
The tense can be specified with particles: | The tense can be specified with particles: | ||
| − | a) ve ("future tense"), -te ("past tense") | + | a) '''ve-''' ("future tense"), -'''te''' ("past tense") |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) lekti (to read) mucho (much). – I read a lot.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Bat (but) me (I) bu (not) lekti-te (to read + "past tense") sey (this) kitaba (book). – I didn't read this book.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) ve ("future tense") lekti (to read) it (it). – I will read it.'' | |
| − | b) zai (continuous marker) | + | b) '''zai''' (continuous marker) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) lai (to come) nau (now), me (I) zai chi (to eat) deyfan (dinner). – I can't come now I'm having dinner.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Kwo (what) me (I) zwo (to do) yeri (yesterday) klok ("o'clock") sit (six)? Me (I) zai promeni-te (to walk + "past tense") in (in) shulin | |
| − | (forest). – What was I doing yesterday at six o'clock? I was walking in the forest. | + | (forest). – What was I doing yesterday at six o'clock? I was walking in the forest.'' |
| − | c) he (completed action) | + | c) '''he''' (completed action) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) he zwo (to do) olo (all, everything). – I have done everything.'' | |
| − | d) yus he ("just") | + | d) '''yus he''' ("just") |
| − | + | - ''Way (why) yu (you) es (is / are) gande (dirty)? Me (I) yus he woshi (to wash) yu (you)! – Why are you dirty? I have just washed you! '' | |
| − | e) gwo (indefinite past, "used to") | + | e) '''gwo''' (indefinite past, "used to") |
| − | + | - ''Ob (a question particle) nu (we) gwo miti (to meet) koylok (somewhere)? – Have me ever met somewhere? '' | |
| − | f) sal (near future, "be going to") | + | f) '''sal''' (near future, "be going to") |
| − | + | - ''Sup (soup) es (is / are) tayar (ready). Nu (we) sal chi (to eat) deyfan (dinner). – The soup is ready. We are going to have dinner.'' | |
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| − | 5. | + | 5.3. Subjunctive ("would"): '''wud''' |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) wud yao (to want) bi (to be) rega (king / queen). – I would like to be a king / a queen. '' | |
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| + | 5.4. Speaking about an other people's opinion: '''muka''' | ||
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| + | - ''Lu (he) muka lubi (to love) ela (she). – He is said to love her.'' | ||
5.5. Imperative: | 5.5. Imperative: | ||
| − | a) ba | + | a) '''ba''' |
| − | + | - ''Gani (to sing) ba, me (I) pri (to like) audi (to hear) wen (when) yu (you) gani (to sing). – Sing (to me), I like to hear you sing.'' | |
| − | b) bye (don't) | + | b) '''bye''' (don't) |
| − | + | - ''Bye lai (to come)! – Don't come!'' | |
| − | c) hay (let, may), magari (I wish), nomagari (I wish not) | + | c) '''hay''' (let, may), '''magari''' (I wish), '''nomagari''' (I wish not) |
| − | + | - ''Hay may (my) yaosa (wish) fulfil (fulfil)! — May my wish come true!'' | |
| − | + | - ''Magari surya (sun) lai (to come)! – I wish the sun came! '' | |
| − | + | - ''Nomagari pluvi (to rain)! – I wish it didn't rain!'' | |
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| − | + | 5.6. Indication of transitiveness (if necessary): | |
| − | + | a) '''fa-''' ("to become, get"): ''astoni (to astonish) – fa-astoni (to get astonished)'' | |
| − | + | b) '''mah'''- ("to cause"): ''lwo (to fall) – mah-lwo (to drop)'' | |
5.7. Indication of the aspect (if necessary): | 5.7. Indication of the aspect (if necessary): | ||
| − | a) en- (to begin) | + | a) '''en'''- (to begin): ''Poy (then) ta (he / she) en-gani (to begin to sing). – Then he / she begins / began singing.'' |
| − | + | b) '''ek'''- ("one time or suddenly"): ''Ela (she) ek-krai (to cry one time) turan (suddenly). – She gave a cry suddenly.'' | |
| − | + | c) verb doubling (action takes some time or is repeated many times): ''Lu (he) go-go (go) pa (preposition of a wide meaning) shamba (room). – He paced up and down the room.'' | |
| − | + | d) the adverb '''oltaim''' (the action is continuous or is repeting all the time): ''Lu (he) shwo (to say, to talk) oltaim. – He is talking all the time.'' | |
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| − | + | 5.8. Passive: '''gei''' ("is being done") | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) zai (continuous marker) lekti (to read) sey (this) kitaba (book), also (so) it (it) gei lekti (to read). – I'm reading this book, so it is being read.'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.9. Participle: |
| − | + | a) -'''she''' (active) | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) zai (continuous marker) lekti (to read), me (I) es (is / are) lekti-she (reading). – I'm reading.'' | |
| − | + | b) '''-ney''' (passive or past) | |
| − | + | -''Me (I) he (past tense marker) lekti (to read) sey (this) kitaba (book), it (it) es (is / are) yo (already) lekti-ney (read). – I have read this book, it is already read.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Lu (he) yus he ("just") lai (to come), lu (he) es (is / are) yo (already) lai-ney (come). – He has just come.'' | |
| − | + | 5.10. Participle: -'''yen''' ("while doing") | |
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| − | + | - ''Me (I) zai (continuous marker) slu (to listen) kan-yen (looking at) yu (you). – I'm listening while looking at you.'' | |
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| − | 5.11. Simultaneity: al | + | 5.11. Simultaneity: '''al''' |
| − | + | - ''Al vidi (to see) me (I) lu (he) ahfi (to hide) swa (oneself). – As soon as he sees me, he hides himself.'' | |
| − | 5.12. Succession of actions: afte (after) | + | 5.12. Succession of actions: '''afte''' (after) |
| − | + | - ''Afte vidi (to see) un (one) ves (time) yu (you) neva (never) fogeti (to forget). – After you see it once, you will never forget it.'' | |
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| − | + | ==== 6. Special verbs ==== | |
| − | 6. | + | 6.1. '''fai''' (can substitute any verb): ''fai kama (bed) – to lie or to sleep in the bed'' |
| − | + | 6.2. '''mah''' ("to cause"): ''mah sikin (knife) agude (sharp) – to sharpen the knife (= mah-agude sikin)'' | |
| − | 6.3. hev (to have), ye (there is), yok (there is no), walaa (here is) | + | 6.3. '''hev''' (to have), '''ye''' (there is), '''yok''' (there is no), '''walaa''' (here is) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) hev (to have) dwa (two) kalam (pencil). – I have two pencils.'' | |
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| + | - ''Kalam (pencil) ye (there is), bat (but) papir (paper) yok (there is no). – There is a pencil, but there is no paper.'' | ||
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| + | - ''Walaa may (my) shamba (room). – Here is my room.'' | ||
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6.4. Modal verbs. | 6.4. Modal verbs. | ||
| − | a) Possibility, abilty: mog | + | a) Possibility, abilty: '''mog''' |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) mog zwo (to do) se (this). – I can do it.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Bu (not) mog jivi (to live) sin (without) akwa (water). – One can't live without water.'' | |
| − | b) Know how: janmog | + | b) Know how: '''janmog''' |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) janmog gani (to sing) hao (good, well). – I can sing well.'' | |
| − | c) Permission: darfi | + | c) Permission: '''darfi''' |
| − | + | - ''Hir (here) bu (not) darfi fumi (to smoke). – One can't (isn't allowed to) smoke here.'' | |
| − | d) Need: nidi | + | d) Need: '''nidi''' |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) nidi chi (to eat) koysa (something) – I need to eat something.'' | |
| − | e) Be obliged, have to: majbur | + | e) Be obliged, have to: '''majbur''' |
| − | + | - ''En-pluvi (to begin to rain), me (I) majbur go (to go) a dom (home). – it has started to rain; I have to go home.'' | |
| − | f) It is necessary; require: treba | + | f) It is necessary; require: '''treba''' |
| − | + | - ''Treba fini (finish) til (till) aksham (evening). – It is necessary to finish till the evening.'' | |
| − | g) Should: gai | + | g) Should: '''gai''' |
| − | + | - ''Bu (not) gai lanfai (to be lazy). – One shouldn't be lazy.'' | |
| − | h) Must: mus | + | h) Must: '''mus''' |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) mus go (to go) a ofis (to the office). – I must go to the office.'' | |
| − | i) Wish: yao | + | i) Wish: ''yao'' |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) yao shwo (to talk) kun (with) yu (you). – I want to talk to you.'' | |
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| + | j) To like: '''pri''' | ||
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| + | - ''Me (I) pri raki (to ride) bisikla (bicycle). – I like to ride a bicycle.'' | ||
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6.5. “Intensive” verbs (before another verb) | 6.5. “Intensive” verbs (before another verb) | ||
| − | a) to succeed in doing: pai (to get) | + | a) to succeed in doing: '''pai''' (to get) |
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| + | - ''Me (I) pai ofni (to open) boxa (box). – I have managed to open the box.'' | ||
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| + | b) indication of a new condition: '''lwo in''' (to fall in) | ||
| − | + | - ''Ela (she) lwo in plaki (to cry). – She burst into tears.'' | |
| − | + | c) unexpectedness: '''dai''' (to give) | |
| − | + | - ''dai shwo (ta say, to talk) – to blurt out'' | |
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| − | 6.6. "worth": val | + | 6.6. "worth": '''val''' |
| − | + | - ''Val slu (to listen) pyu (more) atentem (attentively). – It's worth listening more attentively.'' | |
| − | 6.7. “state” verb: sta | + | 6.7. “state” verb: '''sta''' |
| − | + | - ''Komo (how) yu (you) sta? – How are you?'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) sta hao (good, well). – I'm well.'' | |
== Compound words == | == Compound words == | ||
