Gramatika pa inglish
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== The alphabet and pronounciation == | == The alphabet and pronounciation == | ||
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''- Me (I) vidi (to see) ke ("that") ela (she) rasmi (to draw). – I can see that she is drawing.'' | ''- Me (I) vidi (to see) ke ("that") ela (she) rasmi (to draw). – I can see that she is drawing.'' | ||
| − | b) with preposition + the | + | b) with preposition + the particle '''ke''': |
''- Me (I) shwo (talk) om (about) ke ("that") yu (you) bu (not) gun (to work). – I talk about the fact that you don't work.'' | ''- Me (I) shwo (talk) om (about) ke ("that") yu (you) bu (not) gun (to work). – I talk about the fact that you don't work.'' | ||
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- ''{ Ti yu (you) vidi (to see) na boy (boy) } janmog (can) gani (to sing) hao (well). – The boy that you see can sing well.'' | - ''{ Ti yu (you) vidi (to see) na boy (boy) } janmog (can) gani (to sing) hao (well). – The boy that you see can sing well.'' | ||
| − | b) If the attribute phrase is after the noun, it is introduced by the | + | b) If the attribute phrase is after the noun, it is introduced by the particle '''ke''': |
- ''{ Boy (boy) ke ("that") yu (you) vidi (to see) } janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) gro-hao (greatly). – The boy that you see can sing beautifully.'' | - ''{ Boy (boy) ke ("that") yu (you) vidi (to see) } janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) gro-hao (greatly). – The boy that you see can sing beautifully.'' | ||
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a) '''pyu... kem''' (more... than), '''meno... kem''' (less... than) | a) '''pyu... kem''' (more... than), '''meno... kem''' (less... than) | ||
| − | - ''May ( | + | - ''May (my) syao (little) kamila (camomille) es (is / are) pyu (more) jamile (beautiful) kem (than) yur (your) gran (big) rosa (rose). – My little camomille is more beautiful than your rose..'' |
b) '''sam .. kom''' (as... as), | b) '''sam .. kom''' (as... as), | ||
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- ''Nul (no) kota (cat) pri (to like) chi (to eat) legum (vegetable). – No cat likes to eat vegetables.'' | - ''Nul (no) kota (cat) pri (to like) chi (to eat) legum (vegetable). – No cat likes to eat vegetables.'' | ||
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=== 4. Adverb === | === 4. Adverb === | ||
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| − | 4.2. Demonstrative | + | ==== 4.2. Demonstrative ==== |
a) of manner: '''tak''' (so) | a) of manner: '''tak''' (so) | ||
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| − | 4.3. Compound | + | ==== 4.3. Compound ==== |
a) situation: '''koylok''' (somewhere), '''enilok''' (anywhere), '''kadalok''' (everywhere), '''otrelok''' (in the other place), '''nullok''' (nowhere) | a) situation: '''koylok''' (somewhere), '''enilok''' (anywhere), '''kadalok''' (everywhere), '''otrelok''' (in the other place), '''nullok''' (nowhere) | ||
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| − | 4.4. Other | + | ==== 4.4. Other ==== |
a) frequence: '''sempre''' (always), '''oftem''' (often), '''rarem''' (rarely), '''pinchanem''' (usually), '''neva''' (never) | a) frequence: '''sempre''' (always), '''oftem''' (often), '''rarem''' (rarely), '''pinchanem''' (usually), '''neva''' (never) | ||
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- ''Lu (he) sempre (always) tardi (to be late). – He is always late.'' | - ''Lu (he) sempre (always) tardi (to be late). – He is always late.'' | ||
| − | b) time: '''nau''' (now), '''poy''' (then, later), '''sun''' (soon), '''turan''' (suddenly), tuy (right now) | + | b) time: '''nau''' (now), '''poy''' (then, later), '''sun''' (soon), '''turan''' (suddenly), '''tuy''' (right now), '''yeri''' (yesterday), '''sedey''' (today), '''manya''' (tomorrow) |
| − | yeri (yesterday), sedey (today), manya (tomorrow) | + | |
| − | + | - ''Sedey (today) meteo (weather) es (is) hao (good). Me (I) bu (not) jan (to know) kwel (what) meteo (weather) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) manya (tomorrow). – Today the weather is good. I don't know what the weather will be like tomorrow.'' | |
| − | c) yo (already), haishi (still, as yet), snova (again) | + | c) '''yo''' (already), '''haishi''' (still, as yet), '''snova''' (again) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) yo (already) jan (to know) om (about) to (that). – I know about that already.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Lu (he) haishi (still) safari (to travel). — He still travels.'' | |
| − | d) supposition: shayad (perhaps), mogbi (maybe), musbi (must be), semblem (seemingly), sertem (certainly), zaruu (without fail), ouran (casually), verem (actually) | + | d) supposition: '''shayad''' (perhaps), '''mogbi''' (maybe), '''musbi''' (must be), '''semblem''' (seemingly), '''sertem''' (certainly), '''zaruu''' (without fail), '''ouran''' (casually), '''verem''' (actually) |
| − | + | - ''Shayad ta (he / she) bu (not) ve ("future tense") lai (to come). – Perhaps he / she will not come.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Musbi ta (he / she) he ("past tense") fogeti (to forget). – He must have forgotten about it.'' | |
| − | e) addition, confirmation: yoshi (also), toshi (too) | + | e) addition, confirmation: '''yoshi''' (also), '''toshi''' (too) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) hev (to have) blan (white) kamila (camilla).Yoshi (also) me (I) hev (to have) rude (red) rosa (rose). – I have a white camilla. Also I have a red rose. '' | |
| − | + | - '' Lu (he) toshi (also, too) hev (to have) rosa (rose). – He has a rose too.'' | |
| − | f) non-exactness: hampi (almost), sirke (about, approximately), vaika (just, at least), kwasi (as if) | + | f) non-exactness: '''hampi''' (almost), '''sirke''' (about, approximately), '''vaika''' (just, at least), '''kwasi''' (as if) |
| − | + | - ''Hampi (almost) oli (everybody) lai (to come). – Nearly everybody comes / came.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) hev (to have) sirke (approximately) dwa (two) litra (litre) milka (milk). – I have about two litres milk. '' | |
| − | + | - ''Dai (to give) ba ("imperative") vaika (at least, just) fo (for) un (one) minuta (minute)! – Give (it to me) at least for one minute!'' | |
| − | + | - ''Ela (she) kwasi bu (not) merki (to notice) me (I). - She behaves as if she didn't notice me.'' | |
| − | g) exceptiveness: sol (only), sim (simply), rek (just, straight), yus (just) | + | g) exceptiveness: '''sol''' (only), '''sim''' (simply), '''rek''' (just, straight), '''yus''' (just) |
| − | + | - ''Sol ela (she) mog (can) samaji (to understand) me (I). – Only she can understand me.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Sim silensi (to keep silence) ba (imperative marker) idyen (a little). - Just keep silence for a while.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Sey (this) kamina (road) dukti (to lead) straight a (to) urba (town). - This road leads straight to the town.'' | |
| − | h) degree: gro (very much, greatly) | + | h) degree: '''gro''' (very much, greatly) |
| − | + | - ''Lu (he) lubi (to love) suy (his / her) molya (wife) gro (much). – He loves his wife very much.'' | |
| − | i) continuation: for (further, on) | + | i) continuation: '''for''' (further, on) |
| − | + | - ''Ta (he / she) gun (to work) for (further). – He is working on.'' | |
| − | j) away: wek (away) | + | j) away: '''wek''' (away) |
| − | + | - ''Go (to go) wek (away)! – Go away!'' | |
| − | k) loose: los | + | k) loose: '''los''' |
| − | + | - ''Doga (dog) es (is) los (loose). – The dog is loose.'' | |
| − | l) on / off: on, of | + | l) on / off: '''on, of''' |
| − | + | - ''Mah ("to make") radio (radio) on. – Make the radio on.'' | |
| − | m) emphasis: iven (even), primem (firstly) | + | m) emphasis: '''iven''' (even), '''primem''' (firstly) |
| − | + | - ''Iven kinda (child) mog (can) samaji (to understand) se (this)). – Even a child can understand that.'' | |
| − | n) in vain: vanem | + | n) in vain: '''vanem''' |
| − | + | - ''Li (they) shuki (to look for) ol (whole) dey (day), bat (but) vanem. – The have been looking for it during the whole day, but in vain.'' | |
=== 5. Verb === | === 5. Verb === | ||
| − | Examples: vidi (to see), jan (to know), shwo (to talk). | + | Examples: ''vidi (to see), jan (to know), shwo (to talk). |
| + | '' | ||
| + | 5.1. Verb form doesn't change. Grammar meaning are expressed with special particles. Exception: '''bi''' (to be) – '''es''' (is / are / am) – '''bin''' (was / were). | ||
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5.2. Tenses | 5.2. Tenses | ||
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If there is any indication of time of action, the basic verb form can be used. | If there is any indication of time of action, the basic verb form can be used. | ||
| − | + | - ''Unves (once) me (I) miti (to meet) rega (king / queen). – Once I met a king / queen.'' | |
The tense can be specified with particles: | The tense can be specified with particles: | ||
| − | a) ve ("future tense"), -te ("past tense") | + | a) '''ve-''' ("future tense"), -'''te''' ("past tense") |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) lekti (to read) mucho (much). – I read a lot.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Bat (but) me (I) bu (not) lekti-te (to read + "past tense") sey (this) kitaba (book). – I didn't read this book.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) ve ("future tense") lekti (to read) it (it). – I will read it.'' | |
| − | b) zai (continuous marker) | + | b) '''zai''' (continuous marker) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) lai (to come) nau (now), me (I) zai chi (to eat) deyfan (dinner). – I can't come now I'm having dinner.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Kwo (what) me (I) zwo (to do) yeri (yesterday) klok ("o'clock") sit (six)? Me (I) zai promeni-te (to walk + "past tense") in (in) shulin | |
| − | (forest). – What was I doing yesterday at six o'clock? I was walking in the forest. | + | (forest). – What was I doing yesterday at six o'clock? I was walking in the forest.'' |
| − | c) he (completed action) | + | c) '''he''' (completed action) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) he zwo (to do) olo (all, everything). – I have done everything.'' | |
| − | d) yus he ("just") | + | d) '''yus he''' ("just") |
| − | + | - ''Way (why) yu (you) es (is / are) gande (dirty)? Me (I) yus he woshi (to wash) yu (you)! – Why are you dirty? I have just washed you! '' | |
| − | e) gwo (indefinite past, "used to") | + | e) '''gwo''' (indefinite past, "used to") |
| − | + | - ''Ob (a question particle) nu (we) gwo miti (to meet) koylok (somewhere)? – Have me ever met somewhere? '' | |
| − | f) sal (near future, "be going to") | + | f) '''sal''' (near future, "be going to") |
| − | + | - ''Sup (soup) es (is / are) tayar (ready). Nu (we) sal chi (to eat) deyfan (dinner). – The soup is ready. We are going to have dinner.'' | |
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| − | 5. | + | 5.3. Subjunctive ("would"): '''wud''' |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) wud yao (to want) bi (to be) rega (king / queen). – I would like to be a king / a queen. '' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.4. Speaking about an other people's opinion: '''muka''' |
| − | + | - ''Lu (he) muka lubi (to love) ela (she). – He is said to love her.'' | |
| − | + | 5.5. Imperative: | |
| − | + | a) '''ba''' | |
| − | + | - ''Gani (to sing) ba, me (I) pri (to like) audi (to hear) wen (when) yu (you) gani (to sing). – Sing (to me), I like to hear you sing.'' | |
| − | + | b) '''bye''' (don't) | |
| − | + | - ''Bye lai (to come)! – Don't come!'' | |
| − | + | c) '''hay''' (let, may), '''magari''' (I wish), '''nomagari''' (I wish not) | |
| − | + | - ''Hay may (my) yaosa (wish) fulfil (fulfil)! — May my wish come true!'' | |
| − | + | - ''Magari surya (sun) lai (to come)! – I wish the sun came! '' | |
| − | + | - ''Nomagari pluvi (to rain)! – I wish it didn't rain!'' | |
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| − | + | 5.6. Indication of transitiveness (if necessary): | |
| − | + | a) '''fa-''' ("to become, get"): ''astoni (to astonish) – fa-astoni (to get astonished)'' | |
| − | + | b) '''mah'''- ("to cause"): ''lwo (to fall) – mah-lwo (to drop)'' | |
| − | + | 5.7. Indication of the aspect (if necessary): | |
| − | + | a) '''en'''- (to begin): ''Poy (then) ta (he / she) en-gani (to begin to sing). – Then he / she begins / began singing.'' | |
| − | + | b) '''ek'''- ("one time or suddenly"): ''Ela (she) ek-krai (to cry one time) turan (suddenly). – She gave a cry suddenly.'' | |
| − | c) verb doubling (action takes some time or is repeated many times) | + | c) verb doubling (action takes some time or is repeated many times): ''Lu (he) go-go (go) pa (preposition of a wide meaning) shamba (room). – He paced up and down the room.'' |
| − | + | d) the adverb '''oltaim''' (the action is continuous or is repeting all the time): ''Lu (he) shwo (to say, to talk) oltaim. – He is talking all the time.'' | |
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| − | 5.8. Passive: gei ("is being done") | + | 5.8. Passive: '''gei''' ("is being done") |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) zai (continuous marker) lekti (to read) sey (this) kitaba (book), also (so) it (it) gei lekti (to read). – I'm reading this book, so it is being read.'' | |
5.9. Participle: | 5.9. Participle: | ||
| − | a) -she (active) | + | a) -'''she''' (active) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) zai (continuous marker) lekti (to read), me (I) es (is / are) lekti-she (reading). – I'm reading.'' | |
| − | b) -ney (passive or past) | + | b) '''-ney''' (passive or past) |
| − | + | -''Me (I) he (past tense marker) lekti (to read) sey (this) kitaba (book), it (it) es (is / are) yo (already) lekti-ney (read). – I have read this book, it is already read.'' | |
| − | this book, it is already read. | + | |
| − | + | - ''Lu (he) yus he ("just") lai (to come), lu (he) es (is / are) yo (already) lai-ney (come). – He has just come.'' | |
| − | 5.10. Participle: -yen ("while doing") | + | 5.10. Participle: -'''yen''' ("while doing") |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) zai (continuous marker) slu (to listen) kan-yen (looking at) yu (you). – I'm listening while looking at you.'' | |
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| − | 5. | + | 5.11. Simultaneity: '''al''' |
| − | + | - ''Al vidi (to see) me (I) lu (he) ahfi (to hide) swa (oneself). – As soon as he sees me, he hides himself.'' | |
| − | + | 5.12. Succession of actions: '''afte''' (after) | |
| − | + | - ''Afte vidi (to see) un (one) ves (time) yu (you) neva (never) fogeti (to forget). – After you see it once, you will never forget it.'' | |
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| − | + | ==== 6. Special verbs ==== | |
| − | 6. | + | 6.1. '''fai''' (can substitute any verb): ''fai kama (bed) – to lie or to sleep in the bed'' |
| − | + | 6.2. '''mah''' ("to cause"): ''mah sikin (knife) agude (sharp) – to sharpen the knife (= mah-agude sikin)'' | |
| − | + | 6.3. '''hev''' (to have), '''ye''' (there is), '''yok''' (there is no), '''walaa''' (here is) | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) hev (to have) dwa (two) kalam (pencil). – I have two pencils.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Kalam (pencil) ye (there is), bat (but) papir (paper) yok (there is no). – There is a pencil, but there is no paper.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Walaa may (my) shamba (room). – Here is my room.'' | |
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| − | + | 6.4. Modal verbs. | |
| − | + | a) Possibility, abilty: '''mog''' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) mog zwo (to do) se (this). – I can do it.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Bu (not) mog jivi (to live) sin (without) akwa (water). – One can't live without water.'' | |
| − | + | b) Know how: '''janmog''' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) janmog gani (to sing) hao (good, well). – I can sing well.'' | |
| − | + | c) Permission: '''darfi''' | |
| − | + | - ''Hir (here) bu (not) darfi fumi (to smoke). – One can't (isn't allowed to) smoke here.'' | |
| − | + | d) Need: '''nidi''' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) nidi chi (to eat) koysa (something) – I need to eat something.'' | |
| − | + | e) Be obliged, have to: '''majbur''' | |
| − | + | - ''En-pluvi (to begin to rain), me (I) majbur go (to go) a dom (home). – it has started to rain; I have to go home.'' | |
| − | + | f) It is necessary; require: '''treba''' | |
| − | + | - ''Treba fini (finish) til (till) aksham (evening). – It is necessary to finish till the evening.'' | |
| − | + | g) Should: '''gai''' | |
| − | + | - ''Bu (not) gai lanfai (to be lazy). – One shouldn't be lazy.'' | |
| − | + | h) Must: '''mus''' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) mus go (to go) a ofis (to the office). – I must go to the office.'' | |
| + | i) Wish: ''yao'' | ||
| − | + | - ''Me (I) yao shwo (to talk) kun (with) yu (you). – I want to talk to you.'' | |
| − | + | j) To like: '''pri''' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) pri raki (to ride) bisikla (bicycle). – I like to ride a bicycle.'' | |
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| − | + | 6.5. “Intensive” verbs (before another verb) | |
| − | + | a) to succeed in doing: '''pai''' (to get) | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) pai ofni (to open) boxa (box). – I have managed to open the box.'' | |
| − | + | b) indication of a new condition: '''lwo in''' (to fall in) | |
| − | + | - ''Ela (she) lwo in plaki (to cry). – She burst into tears.'' | |
| − | + | c) unexpectedness: '''dai''' (to give) | |
| − | + | - ''dai shwo (ta say, to talk) – to blurt out'' | |
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| − | + | 6.6. "worth": '''val''' | |
| − | + | - ''Val slu (to listen) pyu (more) atentem (attentively). – It's worth listening more attentively.'' | |
| − | + | 6.7. “state” verb: '''sta''' | |
| − | + | - ''Komo (how) yu (you) sta? – How are you?'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) sta hao (good, well). – I'm well.'' | |
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| − | + | == Compound words == | |
| − | + | 1. When sequence of two words acquires a new meaning, at least a little, the words are written together and a compound word appears. | |
| − | + | 1.1. The last word is the main one in a sequence: | |
| − | + | - ''gun (to work) + taim (time) = guntaim (action time)'' | |
| − | + | - ''surya (sun) + flor (flower) = suryaflor (sunflower)'' | |
| − | + | - ''maus (mouse) + kapter (catcher) = mauskapter (mouse trap)'' | |
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| − | + | 1.2. Some words are regularly used to make compound words: | |
| − | + | a) '''jen''' (person), '''man''' (man), '''gina''' (woman): ''jadu (sorcery) – jadujen (sorcerer/sorceress) – jadugina (sorceress) – jaduman (sorcerer)'' | |
| − | + | b) '''yuan''' (employee): ''polis (police) – polisyuan (policeman)'' | |
| − | + | c) '''guan''' (institution): ''kitaba (book) – kitabaguan (library)'' | |
| − | + | d) '''lok(o)''' (place): ''habitilok (habitation)'' | |
| − | + | e) '''menga''' (great amount): ''jenmenga (crowd)'' | |
| − | + | f) '''fin''' (end): ''lekti (to read) – finlekti (to read completely)'' | |
| − | + | g) '''swa''' (oneself): ''swa-luba (self-love), swa-kontrola (self-control)'' | |
| − | + | h) '''for''' (ahead): ''for-gunsa (work continuation)'' | |
| − | + | i) '''kontra''' (against): ''kontratoxin (antidote); kontrapon (to oppose)'' | |
| − | j) sin (without) | + | j) '''sin''' (without): ''sinsensu-ney (meaningless)'' |
| − | + | k) '''tra''' (through): ''go (to go) – trago (to go through)'' | |
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| − | k) tra (through) | + | |
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1. Noun to adjective: | 1. Noun to adjective: | ||
| − | a) -ney (for nouns ending with -а the short form is acceptable: resta-ney = reste) | + | a) -'''ney''' (for nouns ending with -а the short form is acceptable: resta-ney = reste): ''interes (interest) – interes-ney (interesting)'' |
| − | + | b) -'''ful''' (full of): ''luma (light) – lumaful (full of light, luminous)'' | |
| − | + | c) '''-lik''' (similar in appearance or character): ''gina (woman) – ginalik (feminine, womanly)'' | |
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2.1. Suffixes. | 2.1. Suffixes. | ||
| − | a) -a (for adjectives ending in -e) | + | a) -'''a''' ''(only for adjectives ending in -e)'' (“something or somebody characterized with this quality”) |
| − | + | - ''adulte (grown-up) – adulta (a grown-up person), konstante (constant) – konstanta (a constant)'' | |
| − | + | b) -(i)'''taa''' (makes abstract nouns): ''vere (true) – veritaa (truth), hao (good) – haotaa (goodness)'' | |
| − | + | c) -'''nesa''': ''gao (high) – gaonesa (highness) – gaotaa (height)'' | |
| − | + | d) -'''nik''' (characteristic feature): ''hao (good) – haonik (good one)'' | |
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| − | d) -nik (characteristic feature) | + | |
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| + | e) -'''ka''' (a thing having the quality): ''mole (soft) – molika (pulp)'' | ||
2.2. Particles: | 2.2. Particles: | ||
| − | a) lo | + | a) '''lo''': ''Lo zuy (most) muhim (important) es (is) luba (love). – The most important thing is love.'' |
| − | + | b) -'''la''' / -'''las''': ''Walaa (here is) dwa (two) rosa (rose). Sey-la (this one) es (is) rude (red), toy-la (that one) es (is) blan (white). – Here are two roses. This one is red and that one is white.'' | |
| − | + | c) '''wan''' (only about people): ''Syao (little) wan bu (not) lai (to come). – The little one isn't coming.'' | |
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| − | + | 3. Adjective to adverb: -'''(e)m''' ''(the stressed vowel doesn't change)'' or the same form | |
| + | a) for adjectives ending in -e: ''klare (clear) – klarem (clearly)'' | ||
| − | + | b) for adjectives ending in a consonant: ''santush (satisfied, contented) — santushem (contentedly)'' | |
| − | + | c) for other adjectives the form doesn't change: ''hao (good, well), kway (quick, quickly)'' | |
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| − | + | 4. Noun to adverb: -'''nem''': ''amiga (friend) – amiga-nem (friendly) '' | |
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5. Noun to verb: | 5. Noun to verb: | ||
| − | a) -vati | + | a) -'''vati''': ''pao (a bubble) – paovati (to bubble)'' |
| − | + | b) -'''isi''': ''memoria (memory) – memorisi (to memorize)'' | |
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6. Adjective to verb | 6. Adjective to verb | ||
| − | a) fa- (= -ifi) | + | a) '''fa'''- (= -'''ifi'''): ''hao (good) – fa-hao (to improve, grow better)'', ''leve (light) – levifi (to lighten, become lighter)'' |
| − | + | b) '''mah'''- (= -'''isi'''): ''gran (big) – mah-gran (to increase, make bigger), klin (clean) – klinisi (to clean, cleanse)'' | |
| − | + | c) -'''fai''': ''hwan (yellow) – hwanfai (appear/show yellow)'' | |
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7.1. Without special changes in meaning | 7.1. Without special changes in meaning | ||
| − | a) -a (for the verbs ending with "consonant + i") | + | a) -'''a''' (for the verbs ending with "consonant + i"), -'''sa''' (for other verbs) (the act, the result): ''lubi (to love) – luba (love), gun (to work) – gunsa (work)'' |
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| − | -sa (for other verbs) (the act, the result) | + | |
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| − | + | b) -'''ing''' (the process) (the stressed vowel doesn't change): ''swimi (to swim) – swiming (swimming), gloti (to swallow) – glota (a swallow) – gloting (swallowing)'' | |
| + | c) '''tu''': ''Tu samaji (to understand) es (is / are) tu pardoni (to forgive). – To understand means to forgive.'' | ||
7.2. Doer | 7.2. Doer | ||
| − | a) -er (doer or tool) | + | a) -'''er''' (doer or tool): ''leki (to treat medically) – leker (doctor), ofni (to open) – ofner (opener)'' |
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| + | b) -'''sha''' (a person performing the action): ''plei (to play) – plei-sha (the one who is playing)'' | ||
| + | c) -'''nik''' (a person having a characteristic feature): ''fobi (to be afraid of) – fobnik (coward)'' | ||
7.3. Related to the action | 7.3. Related to the action | ||
| − | a) -tura (the final result) | + | a) -'''tura''' (the final result): ''shwo (to say, to talk) – shwotura (a saying)'' |
| − | + | b) -'''wat''' (the object of action): ''pi (to drink) – piwat (beverage)'' | |
| − | + | c) -'''ka''' (an object related to the action): ''pendi (to hang) – pendika (peg, rack)'' | |
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| − | c) -ka (an object related to the action) | + | |
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| Line 1,139: | Line 1,045: | ||
8.1. General meaning | 8.1. General meaning | ||
| − | a) -ke (related to) | + | a) -'''ke''' (related to): ''helpi (to help) – helpike (auxiliary), hao-chi-ke (good, well + to eat) fan (food) – tasty food'' |
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| + | b) -'''she''', -'''ney''' (participles): ''skribi (to write) – skribi-she (writing), skribi (to write) – skribi-ney (written)'' | ||
8.2. With special meaning | 8.2. With special meaning | ||
| − | a) -bile (possibility) | + | a) -'''bile''' (possibility): ''vidi (to see) – vidibile (visible)'' |
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| − | + | b) -'''shil''' (tending to): ''kusi (to bite) – kusishil (tending to bite)'' | |
| − | + | c) -'''val''' (worth doing): ''admiri (to admire) – admirival (admirable)'' | |
| Line 1,171: | Line 1,061: | ||
9. Verb to adverb | 9. Verb to adverb | ||
| − | a) -shem (the short form for the verbs ending with i: sembli-shem = semblem) | + | a) -'''shem''' (the short form for the verbs ending with i: sembli-shem = semblem): ''ahfi (to hide) – ahfi-shem (secretly)'' |
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| + | b) -'''nem''': ''ofensi (to offend) – ofensi-nem (like being offended)'' | ||
| Line 1,187: | Line 1,069: | ||
| − | 1. Common | + | === 1. Common === |
| − | + | (can be used with words of different classes) | |
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| − | + | 1.1. Opposition: '''no'''-: ''pinchan (ordinary) – nopinchan (extraordinary)'' | |
1.2. Diminutive and magnifying: | 1.2. Diminutive and magnifying: | ||
| − | a) -ki (diminutive, doesn't change the quality) | + | a) -'''ki''' (diminutive, doesn't change the quality): ''doga (dog) – doga-ki (a little dog, doggy); somni (to sleep) – somni-ki (to take a nap)'' |
| − | + | b) '''gro'''- (magnifying, without change in meaning): ''okos (eyes) – gro-okos (big eyes), gao (high, tall) – gro-gao (very high), danke (thank you) – gro-danke (thank you very much), pluvi (to rain) – gro-pluvi (to rain heavily)'' | |
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| + | 1.3. '''pre'''- (precedence): ''vidi (to see) – previdi (to foresee), nam (name) – prenam (first name), yeri (yesterday) – preyeri (the day before yesterday)'' | ||
1.4. Negative attitude | 1.4. Negative attitude | ||
| − | a) dus- ("bad, ill") | + | a) '''dus'''- ("bad, ill"): ''fauha (smell) – dusfauha (stink), trati (to trat) – dustrati (to mistreat)'' |
| − | + | b) '''shma'''- (disdain): ''kaval (horse) – shma-kaval (jade), skribi (to write) – shma-skribi (to scribble)'' | |
| − | + | 1.5. Similarity: -'''si''': ''kitaba-si (sort of a book)'' | |
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| − | + | === 2. Noun === | |
| + | 2.1. Diminutive and magnifying: | ||
| − | + | a) -'''kin''' (diminutive, with some change of quality): ''barela (barrel) – barelakin (keg)'' | |
| − | + | b) -'''gron''' (magnifying, with some change of meaning): ''denta (tooth) – dentagron (tusk)'' | |
| + | 2.2. Other: | ||
| − | + | a) -'''inka''' (particle): ''snega (snow) – sneginka (snowflake)'' | |
| − | + | b) -'''tot''' (a whole, a total): ''rishta (a relative) – rishtatot (all relatives, a clan)'' | |
| − | + | c) '''yun'''- (a young): ''kota (cat) – yunkota (kitten)'' | |
| − | + | d) '''pra'''- (ancestor): ''opa (grandfather) – praopa (great-grandfather)'', ''lingwa (language) – pralingwa (parent language)'' | |
| − | + | e) -'''ista''' (relating to a doctrine or a profession): ''denta (tooth) – dentista (dentist)'' | |
| − | + | f) -'''nik''' (bearer of some characteristic feature): ''kitaba (book) – kitabnik (book lover)'' | |
| − | + | g) -'''dan''' (a container): ''nayu (butter) – nayudan (butterdish)'' | |
| − | + | h) '''fuy'''- (disgust): ''jen (person) – fuy-jen (nasty person)'' | |
| − | + | i) '''stif'''- (step-): - ''mata (mother) – stif-mata (stepmother)'' | |
| − | + | j) '''-inloo''' (indirect kinship) (colloq.): ''brata (brother) – brata-inloo (cousin)'' | |
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| − | + | === 3. Adjective === | |
| − | + | 3.1. '''bu'''- (negation, but not opposition): ''gran (big) – bugran (not big)'' | |
| − | + | 3.2. -'''ish''' ("to some degree"): ''blan (white) – blanish (whitish), hao (good) – haoish (passable)'' | |
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| − | + | === 4. Verb === | |
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| − | 4. Verb | + | |
4.1. Prefixes of aspect | 4.1. Prefixes of aspect | ||
| − | a) en- (beginning) | + | a) '''en'''- (beginning): ''lubi (to love) – en-lubi (to fall in love)'' |
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| + | b) '''ek'''- (one time or suddenly): ''krai (to cry) – ek-krai (to give a cry)'' | ||
| + | 4.2. Opposite action: '''de'''(s)-: ''sharji (to charge) – desharji (to unload, to discharge)'' | ||
4.3. Other prefixes | 4.3. Other prefixes | ||
| − | a) ras- (separation, division, or dispersion) | + | a) '''ras'''- (separation, division, or dispersion): ''dai (to give) – rasdai (to distribute, give to several people)'' |
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| − | + | b) '''ri'''- (again): ''zwo (to do) – rizwo (to do anew)'' | |
| + | c) '''ko'''- (together): ''senti (to feel) – ko-senti (sympathize (with), feel (for))'' | ||
| + | d) '''be'''- (changes the object): ''dumi (to think) – bedumi koysa (ponder over something)'', ''chori (to steal) – bechori koywan (to rob somebody)'' | ||
== Prepositions == | == Prepositions == | ||
| Line 1,359: | Line 1,158: | ||
1.1. After a preposition there may be: | 1.1. After a preposition there may be: | ||
| − | a) a noun (or a noun group) | + | a) a noun (or a noun group): ''fo (for) molya (wife) – for wife'' |
| − | + | b) a verb: ''fo (for) miti (to meet) – in order to meet'' | |
| − | + | c) '''ke''' + phrase: ''fo (for) ke ("that") yu (you) samaji (to understand) – in order that you understand'' | |
| − | + | 1.2. If necessary, the preposition may be put after the word. In this case there has to be the particle '''den''': ''den kinda (child) om (about) – about the child'' | |
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| + | === 2. Simple prepositions === | ||
| − | 1. | + | 2.1. belonging: '''de''': ''kitaba (book) de boy (boy) – the book of the boy'' |
| − | + | 2.2. direction: '''a''': ''dai (to give) a me (I) – give me'' | |
| + | 2.3. purpose: '''fo''': ''dona (gift) fo yu (you) – a gift for you'' | ||
| − | 2. | + | 2.4. cause: '''por''': ''bu (not) lai (to come) por morba (desease) – not come because of a disease '' |
| − | 2. | + | 2.5. topic, object: '''om''': ''dumi (to think) om molya (wife) – to think about the wife'' |
| − | + | 2.6. with, without: '''kun, sin''': ''promeni (to walk) kun kinda (child) – to walk with the child, chay (tea) sin sukra (sugar) – tea without sugar'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.7. doer, tool: '''bay''': ''chi (to eat) bay chiza (spoon) – to eat with a spoon'', ''gana (song) (skriben (written)) bay Vysotski – a song by Vesotski'' |
| − | + | 2.8. object of action: '''an''': ''kansa (glance) an dom (house) – a glance at the house'' | |
| − | + | 2.9. accordance: '''segun''': ''plei (to play) segun regula (rule) – to play according to the rules'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.10. means: '''via''': ''en-jan (to learn) habar (news) via visin (neighbor) – to learn the news from the neighbor'' |
| − | + | 2.11. change, exchange: '''pur''': ''kupi (to buy) pur mani (money) – to buy with money, zwo (to do) pur amiga (friend) – to do instead of a friend'' | |
| − | + | 2.12. simultaneity, circumstances: '''al''': ''lagi (to lie) al lekti (to read) – to lie reading, al se (this) ta (he / she) en-stan *to stand up) - at this he / she stand up'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.13. material: '''aus''': ''kastela (castle) aus ramla (sand) – a castle (made) out of the sand'' |
| − | + | 2.14. characteristic feature: '''do''': ''okula (glasses) do surya (sun) – sunglasses'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.15. relation: '''relatem''': ''me (I) es (is / are/ am) neutrale (neutral) relatem sey (this) kwesta (question) – I'm neutral concerning this question'' |
| − | + | 2.16. support: '''pro''': ''li (they) shwo (say, talk) pro guverna (government) – they talk pro government'' | |
| − | 2. | + | 2.17. opposition: '''kontra''': ''kontra may (my) vola (will) – against my will'' |
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| − | + | === 3. Prepositions of correlations === | |
| − | + | 3.1. replacement: '''inplas''': ''onpon (to put on) jupa (skirt) inplas panta (trousers) – to put on the skirt instead of trousers'' | |
| − | + | 3.2. exception: '''exepte''': ''oli (all, everybody) exepte me (I) – everybody except me'' | |
| − | + | 3.3. besides: '''krome''': ''lu (he) hev (to have) mucho (many) amiga (friend) krome me (I) – he has a lot of friend besides me'' | |
| − | + | 3.4. concession: '''malgree''': ''nu (we) promeni (to walk) malgree pluva (rain) – we walk in spite of the rain'' | |
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| − | + | === 4. Prepositions of situation === | |
| − | + | '' (the mark '''komo''' means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)'' | |
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| − | 4. Prepositions of situation (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb) | + | |
4.1. in limits: | 4.1. in limits: | ||
| − | a) in (in) | + | a) '''in''' (in): ''promeni (to walk) in shulin (forest) – to walk in a forest'' |
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| − | + | b) '''inen''' (inside (komo)): ''ye (there is) koysa (something) inen boxa (box) – there is something inside the box'' | |
| − | + | 4.2. outside: '''ausen''' (komo): ''may (my) oma (grandmother) jivi (lives) ausen urba (city) – my grandmother lives outside the city'' | |
| − | 4. | + | 4.3. near: '''bli''' (komo): ''skola (school) es (is) bli dom (house) – the school is near the house'' |
| − | + | 4.4. at the other side of: '''traen''' (komo): ''Es (is) tume (dark) traen winda (window). – It's dark outside (the window).'' | |
4.5. in relation to other things: | 4.5. in relation to other things: | ||
| − | a) inter (between) | + | a) '''inter''' (between): ''nu (we) es (is / are) inter skay (sky) e (and) arda (earth) – we are between the sky and the earth'' |
| − | + | b) '''miden''' (among): ''miden amigas (friends) – among the friends'' | |
| − | + | 4.6. linear sequence: '''bifoo''' (before), '''afte''' (after) | |
| − | + | - ''In (in) sey (this) fila (line, queue) yu (you) es (is / are) bifoo me (I) e (and) afte ela (she). – In this line you are before me and after | |
| + | her.'' | ||
| − | + | 4.7. sequence in space: '''avanen''' (in front of (komo)), '''baken''' (behind (komo)): ''avanen kolona – in front of the column, baken dwar – behind the door'' | |
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| − | 4.7. sequence in space: | + | |
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4.8. vertically: | 4.8. vertically: | ||
| − | a) on (on) | + | a) '''on''' (on): ''Kitaba (book) es (is / are) on tabla (table). – The book is on the table.'' |
| − | + | b) '''sobre''' (above), '''sub''' (under): ''Papagay (parrot) flai (to fly) sobre tabla (table), kota (cat) sidi (to sit) sub lemar (wardrobe). – The parrot flies over the table, the cat sits under the wardrobe.'' | |
| − | + | c) '''uuparen''' (up, at the upper part of (komo)), '''nichen''' (at the lower part of (komo)): ''nichen kolina (hill) — at the bottom of the hill, fon (from) uuparen — from above'' | |
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| − | c) uuparen (up, at the upper part of (komo)), nichen (at the lower part of (komo)) | + | |
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4.9. horizontally: | 4.9. horizontally: | ||
| − | a) flanken (at the side of (komo)) | + | a) '''flanken''' (at the side of (komo)): ''Flanken dom (house) ye (there is) garden (garden). – At the side of the house there is a garden.'' |
| − | + | b) '''leften''' (at the left (komo)), '''desnen''' (on the right (komo)): ''In (in) korpa (body) kordia (heart) es (is / are) leften. – In the body the heart is at the left.'' | |
| − | + | 4.10. around: '''sirkum''' (komo): ''sirkum dom (house) – around the house'' | |
| − | + | 4.11. opposition: '''kontra''' (komo): ''Teatra (theater) es (is / are) kontra sirkus (circus). – The theater is in front of the circus.'' | |
| − | 4. | + | 4.12. a typical place or feature: '''she''': ''Me (I) es (is / are) she me (I). – I am at mine.'' |
| − | |||
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| − | + | === 5. Prepositions of movement === | |
| − | + | (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb) | |
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| − | 5. Prepositions of movement (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb) | + | |
5.1. direction to: | 5.1. direction to: | ||
| − | a) a | + | a) '''a''': ''Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) a dom (to the house). – I'm going (walking) to the house (home).'' |
| − | + | b) '''versu''': ''Treba (it is necessary) turni (to turn) versu dom (home). – One should turn towards home.'' | |
| − | + | 5.2. direction from: '''fon''': ''May (my) mata (mother) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) fon dom (house) fo (for) miti (to meet) me (I). – My mother is walking from the house in order to meet me.'' | |
| − | + | 5.3. into: '''inu''' (komo): ''Bye (don't) stan (stand), go (go) inu dom (house). – Don’t stand, go into the house.'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.4. out of: '''aus''' (komo): ''Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) findi (to find) dao (way) aus shulin (forest). – I can't find the way out of the forest.'' |
| − | + | 5.5. through: '''tra''': ''Me (I) mog (can) vidi (to see) yu (you) tra winda (window). – I can see you through the window.'' | |
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| − | 5. | + | 5.6. along: '''along''': ''go (to go) along riva (river) – to go along the river'' |
| − | + | 5.7. vertically: '''uupar''' (up (komo)), '''nich''' (down (komo)): ''go (to go) uupar kolina (hill) – to go up the hill'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.8. horizontally: '''avan''' (forward, ahead (komo)), '''bak''' (back (komo)): ''go (to go) bak kamina (road) – to go back along the road'' |
| − | + | 5.9. impact: '''kontra''' (against): ''Me (I) apogi (lean) kontra mur (wall). – I lean against the wall.'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.10. past, by:''' pas''': ''Oni (one, they) go (go) pas e (and) bu (not) merki (to notice) nixa (nothing). – They are going past and don't notice anything.'' |
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| − | + | === 6. Prepositions of time === | |
| − | + | 6.1. period: '''fo''': ''me (I) pren (to take) it (it) fo tri (three) dey (day) – I take it for three days'' | |
| − | + | 6.2. duration: '''duran''': ''duran gwer (war) – during the war'' | |
| − | + | 6.3. beginning: '''depos''': ''Me (I) es (is / are / am) hir (here) depos klok (o'clock) sit (six). – I've been here since six o'clock.'' | |
| − | + | 6.4. limits: '''fon, til''': ''Me (I) majbur (to have to) bi (to be) hir (here) fon sabah (morning) til aksham (evening). – I have to be here from morning till evening.'' | |
| − | + | 6.5. in, after: '''afte''': | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) hir (here) afte (after) klok (o'clock) sit (six). - I'll be here after six o'clock.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) lai (to come) afte dwa (two) minuta (minute). - I'll be back in two minutes.'' | |
| − | + | 6.6. by: '''bifoo''' | |
| − | + | - ''Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. '' | |
| + | - ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke" | ||
| + | (thank you). – Before meal one should wash the hands, and after the meal one should say "thank you". | ||
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| − | |||
| − | + | === 7. Prepositions of number === | |
| − | + | 7.1. approximate: '''sirke''': ''sirke dwa (two) metra (meter) – about two meters '' | |
| − | + | 7.2. distribution per unit: '''per''': ''dwa (two) dolar (dollars) per jen (man) – two dollars per head'' | |
| − | + | 7.3. distribution into portions: '''po''': ''Olo (all, everything) es (is / are) po dwa (two) dolar (dollar). – Everything costs two dollars each piece.'' | |
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| − | + | === 8. Preposition of general meaning: '''pa''' === | |
| − | + | - ''pa fortuna (luck) – fortunately'' | |
| − | + | - ''pa mur (wall) – at the wall '' | |
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| + | - ''shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian'' | ||
== Conjunctions == | == Conjunctions == | ||
| − | |||
1. Conjunctions unite: either words of the same class or whole clauses. | 1. Conjunctions unite: either words of the same class or whole clauses. | ||
| − | 1.1. simple: | + | === 1.1. simple: === |
| − | a) combination: e (and) | + | a) combination: '''e''' (and) |
| − | + | - ''me (I) e yu (you) – me and you'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw) e gani (to sing). – I can draw and sing.'' | |
| − | b) contrasting: bat (but) | + | b) contrasting: '''bat''' (but) |
| − | + | -'' Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw), bat me (I) bu (not) janmog (to know how) gani (to sing). – I can draw, but I can't sing.'' | |
| − | c) alternative: o (oda) (or) | + | c) alternative: '''o''' (oda) (or) |
| − | + | - ''Pren (to take) sey (this) kitaba (book) o toy-la (that one). – Take this book or that one.'' | |
| − | |||
| − | + | === 1.2. doubled: === | |
| − | + | a) both...and: '''i .. i''': ''Me (I) lubi (to love) i yu (you) i ela (she). – I love both you and her.'' | |
| − | b) neither... nor: ni .. ni | + | b) neither... nor: '''ni .. ni''': ''Me (I) bu (not) yao (to want) vidi (to see) li (they), ni lu (he) ni ela (she). – I don't want to see them, neither him nor her.'' |
| − | + | c) either... or: '''oda .. oda''': ''Nu (we) sal (to be going to) hev (to have) oda son (son) oda docha (daughter). – We are going to have either a son or a daughter.'' | |
| − | + | d) '''nau .. nau''': ''Ta (he / she) shwo (to say, to talk) nau lautem (loudly), nau kyetem (quietly). - He / She is talking now loudly, now quietly.'' | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | === 1.3. phrasal: === | |
| + | a) condition: '''si''': ''Me (I) lai (to come) si yu (you) yao (to want). – I will come if you want.'' | ||
| − | + | b) concession: '''obwol''': ''Ta (he / she) bu (not) lai (to come) obwol me (I) he ("past tense") pregi (to ask for). – He/she didn't come, though I had asked (her to come).'' | |
| − | + | c) purpose: '''dabe''': ''Me (I) shwo (to say, to talk) dabe yu (you) samaji (to understand) me (I). – I speak so that you understand me.'' | |
| − | + | d) cause: '''bikos''' (because), '''sikom''' (as, for) | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) lai (to come) bikos yu (you) pregi (to ask for). – I come because you asks (for it).'' | |
| − | + | - ''Sikom yu (you) bu (not) pregi (to ask for), me (I) bu (not) ve ("future tense") lai (to come). – As you don't ask (for it), I won't come.'' | |
| − | come | + | |
| − | + | e) sudden circumstance: '''ewalaa''' | |
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| − | e) sudden circumstance: ewalaa | + | |
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| + | - ''Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") somni (to sleep) ewalaa baji (to ring) gro (much). – I'm sleeping, and suddenly it rings a lot.'' | ||
| + | f) opposition: '''yedoh''' | ||
| + | - ''Me (I) koni (to know, to be acquainted) yu (you) yedoh me (I) bu (not) koni (to know, to be acquainted) yur (your) sista (sister). – I know you, however I don't know your sister.'' | ||
== Numerals == | == Numerals == | ||
| − | |||
1. Words denoting a number (with all such words the basic form of noun is used) | 1. Words denoting a number (with all such words the basic form of noun is used) | ||
| − | 1.1. basic numerals | + | === 1.1. basic numerals === |
a) units | a) units | ||
| − | nol (0) | + | '''nol''' (0) |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | sit (6), sem (7), ot (8), nin (9), shi (10) | + | '''un''' (1), '''dwa''' (2), '''tri''' (3), '''char''' (4), '''pet''' (5), '''sit''' (6), '''sem''' (7), '''ot''' (8), '''nin''' (9), '''shi''' (10) |
a) tens | a) tens | ||
| − | dwashi (20), trishi (30), charshi (40) ... ninshi (90) (written as one word) | + | '''dwashi''' (20), '''trishi''' (30), '''charshi''' (40) ... '''ninshi''' (90) ''(written as one word)'' |
b) hundreds | b) hundreds | ||
| − | sto (100), dwasto (200), tristo (300) ... ninsto (900) (written as one word) | + | '''sto''' (100), '''dwasto''' (200), '''tristo''' (300) ... '''ninsto''' (900) ''(written as one word)'' |
| − | c) thousand: mil (1000) (written in several words) | + | c) thousand: '''mil''' (1000) ''(written in several words)'' |
| − | d) million: milion (1.000.000) (written in several words) | + | d) million: '''milion''' (1.000.000) ''(written in several words)'' |
e) numbers | e) numbers | ||
| − | shi-un (11), shi-dwa (12), shi-tri (13) ... shi-nin (19) | + | '''shi-un''' (11), '''shi-dwa''' (12), '''shi-tri''' (13) ... '''shi-nin''' (19) |
| − | dwashi-un (21), petshi-sem (57) | + | '''dwashi-un''' (21), '''petshi-sem''' (57) |
22 957 = dwashi-dwa mil ninsto-petshi-sem | 22 957 = dwashi-dwa mil ninsto-petshi-sem | ||
| − | 1.2. Fractions: -fen | + | 1.2. Fractions: -'''fen''' |
| − | + | - ''un dwafen – 1/2'' | |
| − | + | - ''sem shifen – 7/10; 0,7'' | |
| − | + | - ''tri koma pet – 3,5'' | |
| + | === Deriven worda === | ||
1.3. Adjectives: | 1.3. Adjectives: | ||
| − | a) un-ney (the first), dwa-ney (the second), tri-ney (the third) ... | + | a) -'''ney''': un-ney (the first), dwa-ney (the second), tri-ney (the third) ... |
| − | b) unple (single), dwaple (double) ... | + | b) -'''ple''': unple (single), dwaple (double) ... |
| Line 1,808: | Line 1,450: | ||
1.4. Adverbs: | 1.4. Adverbs: | ||
| − | a) un-nem (firstly), dwa-nem (secondly) ... | + | a) -'''nem''': un-nem (firstly), dwa-nem (secondly) ... |
| − | b) dwaplem (twice), triplem (three times as much) ... | + | b) -'''plem''': dwaplem (twice), triplem (three times as much) ... |
| Line 1,816: | Line 1,458: | ||
1.5. Nouns: | 1.5. Nouns: | ||
| − | a) unka (one), dwaka (two) ... | + | a) -'''ka''': unka (one), dwaka (two) ... |
| − | b) haf (half), para (pair) | + | b) '''haf''' (half), '''para''' (pair) |
| − | 1.6. Pronouns | + | === 1.6. Pronouns === |
| − | a) mucho (many, much) | + | a) '''mucho''' (many, much) |
| − | b) pluri (several) | + | b) '''pluri''' (several) |
| − | c) kelke (some) | + | c) '''kelke''' (some) |
| − | d) idyen (a little, a few) | + | d) '''idyen''' (a little, a few) |
| − | e) shao (little, few) | + | e) '''shao''' (little, few) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) vidi (to see) mucho (many, much) flor (flower). – I see a lot of flowers.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Ta (he/she) hev (to have) shao (little, few) kalam (pencil). – He/she has few pencils.'' | |
| − | f) zuy mucho = maiste, zuy shao = minim | + | f) zuy mucho = '''maiste''', zuy shao = '''minim''' |
| − | + | - ''Lu (he) hev (to have) minim bonbon (sweet). – He has the smallest amount of sweets.'' | |
| − | g) kwanto (how many. how much) | + | g) '''kwanto''' (how many. how much) |
| − | h) tanto (so, to such extent) | + | h) '''tanto''' (so, to such extent) |
| − | 2. Date | + | === 2. Date === |
| − | 2.1. days of the week: numeral + di | + | 2.1. days of the week: numeral + '''di''' |
a) undi (Monday) | a) undi (Monday) | ||
| Line 1,891: | Line 1,533: | ||
l) desemba = mes-shi-dwa (December) | l) desemba = mes-shi-dwa (December) | ||
| − | + | - ''dey trishi-un de mes-shi-dwa – the 31th of December'' | |
| − | + | - ''dey 21 mes 9 yar 1945 – 21.9.1945'' | |
| − | 3. O'clock: | + | 3. O'clock: '''klok''' |
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| + | -''klok dwa – two o'clock'' | ||
| + | - ''klok sem sin pet – five before seven o'clock'' | ||
| + | - ''klok sit e haf – half past six'' | ||
== Exclamations == | == Exclamations == | ||
| − | 1. Greetings | + | === 1. Greetings === |
| − | 1.1. Swasti! – (universal greeting) Be happy! Let the peace be on the Earth! | + | 1.1. '''Swasti'''! – (universal greeting) Be happy! Let the peace be on the Earth! |
1.2. Compound greetings | 1.2. Compound greetings | ||
| − | a) Hao sabah! – Good morning! | + | a) '''Hao sabah'''! – Good morning! |
| − | b) Hao dey! – Good afternoon! | + | b) '''Hao dey'''! – Good afternoon! |
| − | c) Hao aksham! – Good evening! | + | c) '''Hao aksham'''! – Good evening! |
| + | |||
| + | d) '''Hao nocha'''! – Good night! | ||
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1.3. Simple greetings | 1.3. Simple greetings | ||
| − | a) Salam! Heloo! Ola! – Hello! | + | a) '''Salam! Heloo! Ola!''' – Hello! |
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| + | b) '''Namastee! Nihao!''' – Hello! How do you do! | ||
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1.4. Bye | 1.4. Bye | ||
| − | a) Chao! – Bye! | + | a) '''Chao'''! – Bye! |
| − | b) Adyoo! – Good bye! | + | b) '''Adyoo'''! – Good bye! |
| − | 2. Politeness words | + | === 2. Politeness words === |
2.1. Thankfulness | 2.1. Thankfulness | ||
| − | a) Danke! Shukran! – Thank you! | + | a) '''Danke! Shukran'''! – Thank you! |
| − | b) Danke gro! – Thank you very much! | + | b) '''Danke gro'''! – Thank you very much! |
| + | |||
| + | c) '''Bi hao!''' – You are welcome! | ||
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2.2 Excuse | 2.2 Excuse | ||
| − | Skusi! – Excuse me! | + | '''Skusi'''! – Excuse me! |
| + | |||
2.3. Request | 2.3. Request | ||
| − | a) Plis – please (when asking) | + | a) '''Plis''' – please (when asking) |
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| + | b) '''Bi karim''' – be kind | ||
| + | 2.4. '''Swaagat!''' – Welcome! | ||
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| − | + | === 3. Interjections === | |
| − | + | a) '''Afsos'''! – Alas! | |
| − | + | b) '''Kamon'''! – Come on! | |
| + | c) '''wel''' – well | ||
| + | {{Lingwa de Planeta}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Gramatika]] | + | [[Category:Gramatika de Lingwa de Planeta]] |
| + | [[Category:Lingwa de Planeta pa inglish]] | ||
