Gramatika pa inglish
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(→Particles and affixes that don't change the class of word) |
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b) -'''nem''': ''ofensi (to offend) – ofensi-nem (like being offended)'' | b) -'''nem''': ''ofensi (to offend) – ofensi-nem (like being offended)'' | ||
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== Particles and affixes that don't change the class of word == | == Particles and affixes that don't change the class of word == | ||
| − | 1. Common | + | === 1. Common === |
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| − | 1.1. Opposition: no- | + | 1.1. Opposition: '''no'''-: ''pinchan (ordinary) – nopinchan (extraordinary)'' |
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1.2. Diminutive and magnifying: | 1.2. Diminutive and magnifying: | ||
| − | a) -ki (diminutive, doesn't change the quality) | + | a) -'''ki''' (diminutive, doesn't change the quality): ''doga (dog) – doga-ki (a little dog, doggy); somni (to sleep) – somni-ki (to take a nap)'' |
| − | + | b) -'''kin''' (diminutive, with some change of quality): ''barela (barrel) – barelakin (keg)'' | |
| − | + | c) '''gro'''- (magnifying, without change in meaning): ''okos (eyes) – gro-okos (big eyes), gao (high, tall) – gro-gao (very high), danke (thank you) – gro-danke (thank you very much), pluvi (to rain) – gro-pluvi (to rain heavily)'' | |
| − | + | d) -'''gron''' (magnifying, with some change of meaning): ''denta (tooth) – dentagron (tusk)'' | |
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| − | d) -gron (magnifying, with some change of meaning) | + | |
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| + | 1.3. '''pre'''- (precedence): ''vidi (to see) – previdi (to foresee), nam (name) – prenam (first name), yeri (yesterday) – preyeri (the day before yesterday)'' | ||
1.4. Negative attitude | 1.4. Negative attitude | ||
| − | a) dus- ("bad, ill") | + | a) '''dus'''- ("bad, ill"): ''fauha (smell) – dusfauha (stink), trati (to trat) – dustrati (to mistreat)'' |
| − | + | b) '''shma'''- (disdain): ''kaval (horse) – shma-kaval (jade), skribi (to write) – shma-skribi (to scribble)'' | |
| − | + | 1.5. Similarity: -'''si''': ''kitaba-si (sort of a book)'' | |
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| − | + | === 2. Noun === | |
| + | a) -'''inka''' (particle): ''snega (snow) – sneginka (snowflake)'' | ||
| − | + | b) -'''tot''' (a whole, a total): ''rishta (a relative) – rishtatot (all relatives, a clan)'' | |
| − | + | c) '''yun'''- (a young): ''kota (cat) – yunkota (kitten)'' | |
| + | d) '''pra'''- (ancestor): ''opa (grandfather) – praopa (great-grandfather)'', ''lingwa (language) – pralingwa (parent language)'' | ||
| − | + | e) -'''ista''' (relating to a doctrine or a profession): ''denta (tooth) – dentista (dentist)'' | |
| − | + | f) -'''nik''' (bearer of some characteristic feature): ''kitaba (book) – kitabnik (book lover)'' | |
| − | + | g) -'''dan''' (a container): ''nayu (butter) – nayudan (butterdish)'' | |
| − | + | h) '''fuy'''- (disgust): ''jen (person) – fuy-jen (nasty person)'' | |
| − | + | i) '''stif'''- (step-): - ''mata (mother) – stif-mata (stepmother)'' | |
| − | + | j) '''-inloo''' (indirect kinship) (colloq.): ''brata (brother) – brata-inloo (cousin)'' | |
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| − | + | === 3. Adjective === | |
| − | + | 3.1. '''bu'''- (negation, but not opposition): ''gran (big) – bugran (not big)'' | |
| − | + | 3.2. -'''ish''' ("to some degree"): ''blan (white) – blanish (whitish), hao (good) – haoish (passable)'' | |
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| − | 4. Verb | + | |
4.1. Prefixes of aspect | 4.1. Prefixes of aspect | ||
| − | a) en- (beginning) | + | a) '''en'''- (beginning): ''lubi (to love) – en-lubi (to fall in love)'' |
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| + | b) '''ek'''- (one time or suddenly): ''krai (to cry) – ek-krai (to give a cry)'' | ||
| + | 4.2. Opposite action: '''de'''(s)-: ''sharji (to charge) – desharji (to unload, to discharge)'' | ||
4.3. Other prefixes | 4.3. Other prefixes | ||
| − | a) ras- (separation, division, or dispersion) | + | a) '''ras'''- (separation, division, or dispersion): ''dai (to give) – rasdai (to distribute, give to several people)'' |
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| − | + | b) '''ri'''- (again): ''zwo (to do) – rizwo (to do anew)'' | |
| + | c) '''ko'''- (together): ''senti (to feel) – ko-senti (sympathize (with), feel (for))'' | ||
| + | d) '''be'''- (changes the object): ''dumi (to think) – bedumi koysa (ponder over something)'', ''chori (to steal) – bechori koywan (to rob somebody)'' | ||
== Prepositions == | == Prepositions == | ||
