Gramatika pa inglish
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== The alphabet and pronounciation == | == The alphabet and pronounciation == | ||
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''- Me (I) vidi (to see) ke ("that") ela (she) rasmi (to draw). – I can see that she is drawing.'' | ''- Me (I) vidi (to see) ke ("that") ela (she) rasmi (to draw). – I can see that she is drawing.'' | ||
| − | b) with preposition + the | + | b) with preposition + the particle '''ke''': |
''- Me (I) shwo (talk) om (about) ke ("that") yu (you) bu (not) gun (to work). – I talk about the fact that you don't work.'' | ''- Me (I) shwo (talk) om (about) ke ("that") yu (you) bu (not) gun (to work). – I talk about the fact that you don't work.'' | ||
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- ''{ Ti yu (you) vidi (to see) na boy (boy) } janmog (can) gani (to sing) hao (well). – The boy that you see can sing well.'' | - ''{ Ti yu (you) vidi (to see) na boy (boy) } janmog (can) gani (to sing) hao (well). – The boy that you see can sing well.'' | ||
| − | b) If the attribute phrase is after the noun, it is introduced by the | + | b) If the attribute phrase is after the noun, it is introduced by the particle '''ke''': |
- ''{ Boy (boy) ke ("that") yu (you) vidi (to see) } janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) gro-hao (greatly). – The boy that you see can sing beautifully.'' | - ''{ Boy (boy) ke ("that") yu (you) vidi (to see) } janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) gro-hao (greatly). – The boy that you see can sing beautifully.'' | ||
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a) '''pyu... kem''' (more... than), '''meno... kem''' (less... than) | a) '''pyu... kem''' (more... than), '''meno... kem''' (less... than) | ||
| − | - ''May ( | + | - ''May (my) syao (little) kamila (camomille) es (is / are) pyu (more) jamile (beautiful) kem (than) yur (your) gran (big) rosa (rose). – My little camomille is more beautiful than your rose..'' |
b) '''sam .. kom''' (as... as), | b) '''sam .. kom''' (as... as), | ||
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- ''Nul (no) kota (cat) pri (to like) chi (to eat) legum (vegetable). – No cat likes to eat vegetables.'' | - ''Nul (no) kota (cat) pri (to like) chi (to eat) legum (vegetable). – No cat likes to eat vegetables.'' | ||
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=== 4. Adverb === | === 4. Adverb === | ||
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| − | 4.2. Demonstrative | + | ==== 4.2. Demonstrative ==== |
a) of manner: '''tak''' (so) | a) of manner: '''tak''' (so) | ||
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| − | 4.3. Compound | + | ==== 4.3. Compound ==== |
a) situation: '''koylok''' (somewhere), '''enilok''' (anywhere), '''kadalok''' (everywhere), '''otrelok''' (in the other place), '''nullok''' (nowhere) | a) situation: '''koylok''' (somewhere), '''enilok''' (anywhere), '''kadalok''' (everywhere), '''otrelok''' (in the other place), '''nullok''' (nowhere) | ||
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| − | 4.4. Other | + | ==== 4.4. Other ==== |
a) frequence: '''sempre''' (always), '''oftem''' (often), '''rarem''' (rarely), '''pinchanem''' (usually), '''neva''' (never) | a) frequence: '''sempre''' (always), '''oftem''' (often), '''rarem''' (rarely), '''pinchanem''' (usually), '''neva''' (never) | ||
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- ''Li (they) shuki (to look for) ol (whole) dey (day), bat (but) vanem. – The have been looking for it during the whole day, but in vain.'' | - ''Li (they) shuki (to look for) ol (whole) dey (day), bat (but) vanem. – The have been looking for it during the whole day, but in vain.'' | ||
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=== 5. Verb === | === 5. Verb === | ||
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a) -'''ki''' (diminutive, doesn't change the quality): ''doga (dog) – doga-ki (a little dog, doggy); somni (to sleep) – somni-ki (to take a nap)'' | a) -'''ki''' (diminutive, doesn't change the quality): ''doga (dog) – doga-ki (a little dog, doggy); somni (to sleep) – somni-ki (to take a nap)'' | ||
| − | b | + | b) '''gro'''- (magnifying, without change in meaning): ''okos (eyes) – gro-okos (big eyes), gao (high, tall) – gro-gao (very high), danke (thank you) – gro-danke (thank you very much), pluvi (to rain) – gro-pluvi (to rain heavily)'' |
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1.3. '''pre'''- (precedence): ''vidi (to see) – previdi (to foresee), nam (name) – prenam (first name), yeri (yesterday) – preyeri (the day before yesterday)'' | 1.3. '''pre'''- (precedence): ''vidi (to see) – previdi (to foresee), nam (name) – prenam (first name), yeri (yesterday) – preyeri (the day before yesterday)'' | ||
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=== 2. Noun === | === 2. Noun === | ||
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| + | 2.1. Diminutive and magnifying: | ||
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| + | a) -'''kin''' (diminutive, with some change of quality): ''barela (barrel) – barelakin (keg)'' | ||
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| + | b) -'''gron''' (magnifying, with some change of meaning): ''denta (tooth) – dentagron (tusk)'' | ||
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| + | 2.2. Other: | ||
a) -'''inka''' (particle): ''snega (snow) – sneginka (snowflake)'' | a) -'''inka''' (particle): ''snega (snow) – sneginka (snowflake)'' | ||
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d) '''be'''- (changes the object): ''dumi (to think) – bedumi koysa (ponder over something)'', ''chori (to steal) – bechori koywan (to rob somebody)'' | d) '''be'''- (changes the object): ''dumi (to think) – bedumi koysa (ponder over something)'', ''chori (to steal) – bechori koywan (to rob somebody)'' | ||
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== Prepositions == | == Prepositions == | ||
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her.'' | her.'' | ||
| − | + | 4.7. sequence in space: '''avanen''' (in front of (komo)), '''baken''' (behind (komo)): ''avanen kolona – in front of the column, baken dwar – behind the door'' | |
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4.8. vertically: | 4.8. vertically: | ||
| − | a) on (on) | + | a) '''on''' (on): ''Kitaba (book) es (is / are) on tabla (table). – The book is on the table.'' |
| − | + | b) '''sobre''' (above), '''sub''' (under): ''Papagay (parrot) flai (to fly) sobre tabla (table), kota (cat) sidi (to sit) sub lemar (wardrobe). – The parrot flies over the table, the cat sits under the wardrobe.'' | |
| − | + | c) '''uuparen''' (up, at the upper part of (komo)), '''nichen''' (at the lower part of (komo)): ''nichen kolina (hill) — at the bottom of the hill, fon (from) uuparen — from above'' | |
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| − | c) uuparen (up, at the upper part of (komo)), nichen (at the lower part of (komo)) | + | |
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4.9. horizontally: | 4.9. horizontally: | ||
| − | a) flanken (at the side of (komo)) | + | a) '''flanken''' (at the side of (komo)): ''Flanken dom (house) ye (there is) garden (garden). – At the side of the house there is a garden.'' |
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| − | + | b) '''leften''' (at the left (komo)), '''desnen''' (on the right (komo)): ''In (in) korpa (body) kordia (heart) es (is / are) leften. – In the body the heart is at the left.'' | |
| − | 4. | + | 4.10. around: '''sirkum''' (komo): ''sirkum dom (house) – around the house'' |
| − | + | 4.11. opposition: '''kontra''' (komo): ''Teatra (theater) es (is / are) kontra sirkus (circus). – The theater is in front of the circus.'' | |
| − | 4.12. a typical place or feature: she | + | 4.12. a typical place or feature: '''she''': ''Me (I) es (is / are) she me (I). – I am at mine.'' |
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| − | 5. Prepositions of movement (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb) | + | === 5. Prepositions of movement === |
| + | (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb) | ||
5.1. direction to: | 5.1. direction to: | ||
| − | a) a | + | a) '''a''': ''Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) a dom (to the house). – I'm going (walking) to the house (home).'' |
| − | + | b) '''versu''': ''Treba (it is necessary) turni (to turn) versu dom (home). – One should turn towards home.'' | |
| − | + | 5.2. direction from: '''fon''': ''May (my) mata (mother) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) fon dom (house) fo (for) miti (to meet) me (I). – My mother is walking from the house in order to meet me.'' | |
| − | + | 5.3. into: '''inu''' (komo): ''Bye (don't) stan (stand), go (go) inu dom (house). – Don’t stand, go into the house.'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.4. out of: '''aus''' (komo): ''Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) findi (to find) dao (way) aus shulin (forest). – I can't find the way out of the forest.'' |
| − | + | 5.5. through: '''tra''': ''Me (I) mog (can) vidi (to see) yu (you) tra winda (window). – I can see you through the window.'' | |
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| − | 5. | + | 5.6. along: '''along''': ''go (to go) along riva (river) – to go along the river'' |
| − | + | 5.7. vertically: '''uupar''' (up (komo)), '''nich''' (down (komo)): ''go (to go) uupar kolina (hill) – to go up the hill'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.8. horizontally: '''avan''' (forward, ahead (komo)), '''bak''' (back (komo)): ''go (to go) bak kamina (road) – to go back along the road'' |
| − | + | 5.9. impact: '''kontra''' (against): ''Me (I) apogi (lean) kontra mur (wall). – I lean against the wall.'' | |
| − | 5. | + | 5.10. past, by:''' pas''': ''Oni (one, they) go (go) pas e (and) bu (not) merki (to notice) nixa (nothing). – They are going past and don't notice anything.'' |
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| − | + | === 6. Prepositions of time === | |
| − | + | 6.1. period: '''fo''': ''me (I) pren (to take) it (it) fo tri (three) dey (day) – I take it for three days'' | |
| − | + | 6.2. duration: '''duran''': ''duran gwer (war) – during the war'' | |
| − | + | 6.3. beginning: '''depos''': ''Me (I) es (is / are / am) hir (here) depos klok (o'clock) sit (six). – I've been here since six o'clock.'' | |
| − | + | 6.4. limits: '''fon, til''': ''Me (I) majbur (to have to) bi (to be) hir (here) fon sabah (morning) til aksham (evening). – I have to be here from morning till evening.'' | |
| − | + | 6.5. in, after: '''afte''': | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) hir (here) afte (after) klok (o'clock) sit (six). - I'll be here after six o'clock.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) lai (to come) afte dwa (two) minuta (minute). - I'll be back in two minutes.'' | |
| − | + | 6.6. by: '''bifoo''' | |
| − | + | - ''Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. '' | |
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| − | Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. | + | |
- ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke" | - ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke" | ||
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| − | 7. Prepositions of number | + | === 7. Prepositions of number === |
| − | 7.1. approximate: sirke | + | 7.1. approximate: '''sirke''': ''sirke dwa (two) metra (meter) – about two meters '' |
| − | + | 7.2. distribution per unit: '''per''': ''dwa (two) dolar (dollars) per jen (man) – two dollars per head'' | |
| − | 7. | + | 7.3. distribution into portions: '''po''': ''Olo (all, everything) es (is / are) po dwa (two) dolar (dollar). – Everything costs two dollars each piece.'' |
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| − | + | === 8. Preposition of general meaning: '''pa''' === | |
| + | - ''pa fortuna (luck) – fortunately'' | ||
| + | - ''pa mur (wall) – at the wall '' | ||
| − | + | - ''shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian'' | |
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== Conjunctions == | == Conjunctions == | ||
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1. Conjunctions unite: either words of the same class or whole clauses. | 1. Conjunctions unite: either words of the same class or whole clauses. | ||
| − | 1.1. simple: | + | === 1.1. simple: === |
| − | a) combination: e (and) | + | a) combination: '''e''' (and) |
| − | + | - ''me (I) e yu (you) – me and you'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw) e gani (to sing). – I can draw and sing.'' | |
| − | b) contrasting: bat (but) | + | b) contrasting: '''bat''' (but) |
| − | + | -'' Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw), bat me (I) bu (not) janmog (to know how) gani (to sing). – I can draw, but I can't sing.'' | |
| − | c) alternative: o (oda) (or) | + | c) alternative: '''o''' (oda) (or) |
| − | + | - ''Pren (to take) sey (this) kitaba (book) o toy-la (that one). – Take this book or that one.'' | |
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| − | + | === 1.2. doubled: === | |
| − | + | a) both...and: '''i .. i''': ''Me (I) lubi (to love) i yu (you) i ela (she). – I love both you and her.'' | |
| − | b) neither... nor: ni .. ni | + | b) neither... nor: '''ni .. ni''': ''Me (I) bu (not) yao (to want) vidi (to see) li (they), ni lu (he) ni ela (she). – I don't want to see them, neither him nor her.'' |
| − | + | c) either... or: '''oda .. oda''': ''Nu (we) sal (to be going to) hev (to have) oda son (son) oda docha (daughter). – We are going to have either a son or a daughter.'' | |
| − | + | d) '''nau .. nau''': ''Ta (he / she) shwo (to say, to talk) nau lautem (loudly), nau kyetem (quietly). - He / She is talking now loudly, now quietly.'' | |
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| − | + | === 1.3. phrasal: === | |
| + | a) condition: '''si''': ''Me (I) lai (to come) si yu (you) yao (to want). – I will come if you want.'' | ||
| − | + | b) concession: '''obwol''': ''Ta (he / she) bu (not) lai (to come) obwol me (I) he ("past tense") pregi (to ask for). – He/she didn't come, though I had asked (her to come).'' | |
| − | + | c) purpose: '''dabe''': ''Me (I) shwo (to say, to talk) dabe yu (you) samaji (to understand) me (I). – I speak so that you understand me.'' | |
| − | + | d) cause: '''bikos''' (because), '''sikom''' (as, for) | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) lai (to come) bikos yu (you) pregi (to ask for). – I come because you asks (for it).'' | |
| − | + | - ''Sikom yu (you) bu (not) pregi (to ask for), me (I) bu (not) ve ("future tense") lai (to come). – As you don't ask (for it), I won't come.'' | |
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| − | + | e) sudden circumstance: '''ewalaa''' | |
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| − | e) sudden circumstance: ewalaa | + | |
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| + | - ''Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") somni (to sleep) ewalaa baji (to ring) gro (much). – I'm sleeping, and suddenly it rings a lot.'' | ||
| + | f) opposition: '''yedoh''' | ||
| + | - ''Me (I) koni (to know, to be acquainted) yu (you) yedoh me (I) bu (not) koni (to know, to be acquainted) yur (your) sista (sister). – I know you, however I don't know your sister.'' | ||
== Numerals == | == Numerals == | ||
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1. Words denoting a number (with all such words the basic form of noun is used) | 1. Words denoting a number (with all such words the basic form of noun is used) | ||
| − | 1.1. basic numerals | + | === 1.1. basic numerals === |
a) units | a) units | ||
| − | nol (0) | + | '''nol''' (0) |
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| − | sit (6), sem (7), ot (8), nin (9), shi (10) | + | '''un''' (1), '''dwa''' (2), '''tri''' (3), '''char''' (4), '''pet''' (5), '''sit''' (6), '''sem''' (7), '''ot''' (8), '''nin''' (9), '''shi''' (10) |
a) tens | a) tens | ||
| − | dwashi (20), trishi (30), charshi (40) ... ninshi (90) (written as one word) | + | '''dwashi''' (20), '''trishi''' (30), '''charshi''' (40) ... '''ninshi''' (90) ''(written as one word)'' |
b) hundreds | b) hundreds | ||
| − | sto (100), dwasto (200), tristo (300) ... ninsto (900) (written as one word) | + | '''sto''' (100), '''dwasto''' (200), '''tristo''' (300) ... '''ninsto''' (900) ''(written as one word)'' |
| − | c) thousand: mil (1000) (written in several words) | + | c) thousand: '''mil''' (1000) ''(written in several words)'' |
| − | d) million: milion (1.000.000) (written in several words) | + | d) million: '''milion''' (1.000.000) ''(written in several words)'' |
e) numbers | e) numbers | ||
| − | shi-un (11), shi-dwa (12), shi-tri (13) ... shi-nin (19) | + | '''shi-un''' (11), '''shi-dwa''' (12), '''shi-tri''' (13) ... '''shi-nin''' (19) |
| − | dwashi-un (21), petshi-sem (57) | + | '''dwashi-un''' (21), '''petshi-sem''' (57) |
22 957 = dwashi-dwa mil ninsto-petshi-sem | 22 957 = dwashi-dwa mil ninsto-petshi-sem | ||
| − | 1.2. Fractions: -fen | + | 1.2. Fractions: -'''fen''' |
| − | + | - ''un dwafen – 1/2'' | |
| − | + | - ''sem shifen – 7/10; 0,7'' | |
| − | + | - ''tri koma pet – 3,5'' | |
| + | === Deriven worda === | ||
1.3. Adjectives: | 1.3. Adjectives: | ||
| − | a) un-ney (the first), dwa-ney (the second), tri-ney (the third) ... | + | a) -'''ney''': un-ney (the first), dwa-ney (the second), tri-ney (the third) ... |
| − | b) unple (single), dwaple (double) ... | + | b) -'''ple''': unple (single), dwaple (double) ... |
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1.4. Adverbs: | 1.4. Adverbs: | ||
| − | a) un-nem (firstly), dwa-nem (secondly) ... | + | a) -'''nem''': un-nem (firstly), dwa-nem (secondly) ... |
| − | b) dwaplem (twice), triplem (three times as much) ... | + | b) -'''plem''': dwaplem (twice), triplem (three times as much) ... |
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1.5. Nouns: | 1.5. Nouns: | ||
| − | a) unka (one), dwaka (two) ... | + | a) -'''ka''': unka (one), dwaka (two) ... |
| − | b) haf (half), para (pair) | + | b) '''haf''' (half), '''para''' (pair) |
| − | 1.6. Pronouns | + | === 1.6. Pronouns === |
| − | a) mucho (many, much) | + | a) '''mucho''' (many, much) |
| − | b) pluri (several) | + | b) '''pluri''' (several) |
| − | c) kelke (some) | + | c) '''kelke''' (some) |
| − | d) idyen (a little, a few) | + | d) '''idyen''' (a little, a few) |
| − | e) shao (little, few) | + | e) '''shao''' (little, few) |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) vidi (to see) mucho (many, much) flor (flower). – I see a lot of flowers.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Ta (he/she) hev (to have) shao (little, few) kalam (pencil). – He/she has few pencils.'' | |
| − | f) zuy mucho = maiste, zuy shao = minim | + | f) zuy mucho = '''maiste''', zuy shao = '''minim''' |
| − | + | - ''Lu (he) hev (to have) minim bonbon (sweet). – He has the smallest amount of sweets.'' | |
| − | g) kwanto (how many. how much) | + | g) '''kwanto''' (how many. how much) |
| − | h) tanto (so, to such extent) | + | h) '''tanto''' (so, to such extent) |
| − | 2. Date | + | === 2. Date === |
| − | 2.1. days of the week: numeral + di | + | 2.1. days of the week: numeral + '''di''' |
a) undi (Monday) | a) undi (Monday) | ||
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l) desemba = mes-shi-dwa (December) | l) desemba = mes-shi-dwa (December) | ||
| − | + | - ''dey trishi-un de mes-shi-dwa – the 31th of December'' | |
| − | + | - ''dey 21 mes 9 yar 1945 – 21.9.1945'' | |
| − | 3. O'clock: | + | 3. O'clock: '''klok''' |
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| + | -''klok dwa – two o'clock'' | ||
| + | - ''klok sem sin pet – five before seven o'clock'' | ||
| + | - ''klok sit e haf – half past six'' | ||
== Exclamations == | == Exclamations == | ||
| − | 1. Greetings | + | === 1. Greetings === |
| − | 1.1. Swasti! – (universal greeting) Be happy! Let the peace be on the Earth! | + | 1.1. '''Swasti'''! – (universal greeting) Be happy! Let the peace be on the Earth! |
1.2. Compound greetings | 1.2. Compound greetings | ||
| − | a) Hao sabah! – Good morning! | + | a) '''Hao sabah'''! – Good morning! |
| − | b) Hao dey! – Good afternoon! | + | b) '''Hao dey'''! – Good afternoon! |
| − | c) Hao aksham! – Good evening! | + | c) '''Hao aksham'''! – Good evening! |
| + | |||
| + | d) '''Hao nocha'''! – Good night! | ||
| − | |||
1.3. Simple greetings | 1.3. Simple greetings | ||
| − | a) Salam! Heloo! Ola! – Hello! | + | a) '''Salam! Heloo! Ola!''' – Hello! |
| + | |||
| + | b) '''Namastee! Nihao!''' – Hello! How do you do! | ||
| − | |||
1.4. Bye | 1.4. Bye | ||
| − | a) Chao! – Bye! | + | a) '''Chao'''! – Bye! |
| − | b) Adyoo! – Good bye! | + | b) '''Adyoo'''! – Good bye! |
| − | 2. Politeness words | + | === 2. Politeness words === |
2.1. Thankfulness | 2.1. Thankfulness | ||
| − | a) Danke! Shukran! – Thank you! | + | a) '''Danke! Shukran'''! – Thank you! |
| − | b) Danke gro! – Thank you very much! | + | b) '''Danke gro'''! – Thank you very much! |
| + | |||
| + | c) '''Bi hao!''' – You are welcome! | ||
| − | |||
2.2 Excuse | 2.2 Excuse | ||
| − | Skusi! – Excuse me! | + | '''Skusi'''! – Excuse me! |
| + | |||
2.3. Request | 2.3. Request | ||
| − | a) Plis – please (when asking) | + | a) '''Plis''' – please (when asking) |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | b) '''Bi karim''' – be kind | ||
| + | 2.4. '''Swaagat!''' – Welcome! | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | === 3. Interjections === | |
| − | + | a) '''Afsos'''! – Alas! | |
| − | + | b) '''Kamon'''! – Come on! | |
| + | c) '''wel''' – well | ||
| + | {{Lingwa de Planeta}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Gramatika]] | + | [[Category:Gramatika de Lingwa de Planeta]] |
| + | [[Category:Lingwa de Planeta pa inglish]] | ||
