Gramatika pa inglish

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(Particles and affixes that don't change the class of word)
(Compound Sentence)
 
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{{Gramatika}}
  
 
== The alphabet and pronounciation ==
 
== The alphabet and pronounciation ==
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''- Me (I) vidi (to see) ke ("that") ela (she) rasmi (to draw). – I can see that she is drawing.''
 
''- Me (I) vidi (to see) ke ("that") ela (she) rasmi (to draw). – I can see that she is drawing.''
  
b) with preposition + the conjunction '''ke''':
+
b) with preposition + the particle '''ke''':
  
 
''- Me (I) shwo (talk) om (about) ke ("that") yu (you) bu (not) gun (to work). – I talk about the fact that you don't work.''
 
''- Me (I) shwo (talk) om (about) ke ("that") yu (you) bu (not) gun (to work). – I talk about the fact that you don't work.''
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- ''{ Ti yu (you) vidi (to see) na boy (boy) } janmog (can) gani (to sing) hao (well). – The boy that you see can sing well.''
 
- ''{ Ti yu (you) vidi (to see) na boy (boy) } janmog (can) gani (to sing) hao (well). – The boy that you see can sing well.''
  
b) If the attribute phrase is after the noun, it is introduced by the conjunction '''ke''':
+
b) If the attribute phrase is after the noun, it is introduced by the particle '''ke''':
  
 
- ''{ Boy (boy) ke ("that") yu (you) vidi (to see) } janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) gro-hao (greatly). – The boy that you see can sing beautifully.''
 
- ''{ Boy (boy) ke ("that") yu (you) vidi (to see) } janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) gro-hao (greatly). – The boy that you see can sing beautifully.''
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a) '''pyu... kem''' (more... than), '''meno... kem''' (less... than)
 
a) '''pyu... kem''' (more... than), '''meno... kem''' (less... than)
  
- ''May (мой) syao (маленький) kamila (ромашка) es (есть) pyu (более) jamile (красивый) kem (чем) yur (твой) gran (большой) rosa (роза). – Моя маленькая ромашка красивее чем твоя большая роза.''
+
- ''May (my) syao (little) kamila (camomille) es (is / are) pyu (more) jamile (beautiful) kem (than) yur (your) gran (big) rosa (rose). – My little camomille is more beautiful than your rose..''
  
 
b) '''sam .. kom''' (as... as),
 
b) '''sam .. kom''' (as... as),
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- ''Nul (no) kota (cat) pri (to like) chi (to eat) legum (vegetable). – No cat likes to eat vegetables.''
 
- ''Nul (no) kota (cat) pri (to like) chi (to eat) legum (vegetable). – No cat likes to eat vegetables.''
 
  
 
=== 4. Adverb ===
 
=== 4. Adverb ===
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4.2. Demonstrative
+
==== 4.2. Demonstrative ====
  
 
a) of manner: '''tak''' (so)
 
a) of manner: '''tak''' (so)
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4.3. Compound
+
==== 4.3. Compound ====
  
 
a) situation: '''koylok''' (somewhere), '''enilok''' (anywhere), '''kadalok''' (everywhere), '''otrelok''' (in the other place), '''nullok''' (nowhere)
 
a) situation: '''koylok''' (somewhere), '''enilok''' (anywhere), '''kadalok''' (everywhere), '''otrelok''' (in the other place), '''nullok''' (nowhere)
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4.4. Other
+
==== 4.4. Other ====
  
 
a) frequence: '''sempre''' (always), '''oftem''' (often), '''rarem''' (rarely), '''pinchanem''' (usually), '''neva''' (never)  
 
a) frequence: '''sempre''' (always), '''oftem''' (often), '''rarem''' (rarely), '''pinchanem''' (usually), '''neva''' (never)  
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- ''Li (they) shuki (to look for) ol (whole) dey (day), bat (but) vanem. – The have been looking for it during the whole day, but in vain.''
 
- ''Li (they) shuki (to look for) ol (whole) dey (day), bat (but) vanem. – The have been looking for it during the whole day, but in vain.''
 
  
 
=== 5. Verb ===
 
=== 5. Verb ===
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a) -'''ki''' (diminutive, doesn't change the quality): ''doga (dog) – doga-ki (a little dog, doggy); somni (to sleep) – somni-ki (to take a nap)''
 
a) -'''ki''' (diminutive, doesn't change the quality): ''doga (dog) – doga-ki (a little dog, doggy); somni (to sleep) – somni-ki (to take a nap)''
  
b) -'''kin''' (diminutive, with some change of quality): ''barela (barrel) – barelakin (keg)''
+
b) '''gro'''- (magnifying, without change in meaning): ''okos (eyes) – gro-okos (big eyes), gao (high, tall) – gro-gao (very high), danke (thank you) – gro-danke (thank you very much), pluvi (to rain) – gro-pluvi (to rain heavily)''
 
+
c) '''gro'''- (magnifying, without change in meaning): ''okos (eyes) – gro-okos (big eyes), gao (high, tall) – gro-gao (very high), danke (thank you) – gro-danke (thank you very much), pluvi (to rain) – gro-pluvi (to rain heavily)''
+
 
+
d) -'''gron''' (magnifying, with some change of meaning): ''denta (tooth) – dentagron (tusk)''
+
  
 
1.3. '''pre'''- (precedence): ''vidi (to see) – previdi (to foresee), nam (name) – prenam (first name), yeri (yesterday) – preyeri (the day before yesterday)''
 
1.3. '''pre'''- (precedence): ''vidi (to see) – previdi (to foresee), nam (name) – prenam (first name), yeri (yesterday) – preyeri (the day before yesterday)''
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=== 2. Noun ===
 
=== 2. Noun ===
 +
 +
2.1. Diminutive and magnifying:
 +
 +
a) -'''kin''' (diminutive, with some change of quality): ''barela (barrel) – barelakin (keg)''
 +
 +
b) -'''gron''' (magnifying, with some change of meaning): ''denta (tooth) – dentagron (tusk)''
 +
 +
2.2. Other:
  
 
a) -'''inka''' (particle): ''snega (snow) – sneginka (snowflake)''
 
a) -'''inka''' (particle): ''snega (snow) – sneginka (snowflake)''
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1.1. After a preposition there may be:
 
1.1. After a preposition there may be:
  
a) a noun (or a noun group)
+
a) a noun (or a noun group): ''fo (for) molya (wife) – for wife''
  
fo (for) molya (wife) – for wife
+
b) a verb: ''fo (for) miti (to meet) – in order to meet''
  
b) a verb
+
c) '''ke''' + phrase: ''fo (for) ke ("that") yu (you) samaji (to understand) – in order that you understand''
  
● fo (for) miti (to meet) – in order to meet
+
1.2. If necessary, the preposition may be put after the word. In this case there has to be the particle '''den''': ''den kinda (child) om (about) – about the child''
  
c) ke + phrase
 
  
● fo (for) ke ("that") yu (you) samaji (to understand) – in order that you understand
 
  
 +
=== 2. Simple prepositions ===
  
1.2. If necessary, the preposition may be put after the word. In this case there has to be the particle den:
+
2.1. belonging: '''de''': ''kitaba (book) de boy (boy) – the book of the boy''
  
● den kinda (child) om (about) – about the child
+
2.2. direction: '''a''': ''dai (to give) a me (I) – give me''
  
 +
2.3. purpose: '''fo''': ''dona (gift) fo yu (you) – a gift for you''
  
2. Simple prepositions
+
2.4. cause: '''por''': ''bu (not) lai (to come) por morba (desease) – not come because of a disease ''
  
2.1. belonging: de
+
2.5. topic, object: '''om''': ''dumi (to think) om molya (wife) – to think about the wife''
  
● kitaba (book) de boy (boy) – the book of the boy
+
2.6. with, without: '''kun, sin''': ''promeni (to walk) kun kinda (child) – to walk with the child, chay (tea) sin sukra (sugar) – tea without sugar''
  
2.2. direction: a  
+
2.7. doer, tool: '''bay''': ''chi (to eat) bay chiza (spoon) – to eat with a spoon'', ''gana (song) (skriben (written)) bay Vysotski – a song by Vesotski''
  
● dai (to give) a me (I) – give me
+
2.8. object of action: '''an''': ''kansa (glance) an dom (house) – a glance at the house''
  
● go (to go) a dom (house) – go home / go to the house
+
2.9. accordance: '''segun''': ''plei (to play) segun regula (rule) – to play according to the rules''
  
2.3. purpose: fo
+
2.10. means: '''via''': ''en-jan (to learn) habar (news) via visin (neighbor) – to learn the news from the neighbor''
  
● dona (gift) fo yu (you) – a gift for you
+
2.11. change, exchange: '''pur''': ''kupi (to buy) pur mani (money) – to buy with money, zwo (to do) pur amiga (friend) – to do instead of a friend''
  
● pren (to take) fo tri (three) minuta (minute) to take for three minutes
+
2.12. simultaneity, circumstances: '''al''': ''lagi (to lie) al lekti (to read) – to lie reading, al se (this) ta (he / she) en-stan *to stand up) - at this he / she stand up''
  
2.4. cause: por
+
2.13. material: '''aus''': ''kastela (castle) aus ramla (sand) – a castle (made) out of the sand''
  
● bu (not) lai (to come) por morba (desease) – not come because of a disease
+
2.14. characteristic feature: '''do''': ''okula (glasses) do surya (sun) – sunglasses''
  
2.5. topic, object: om
+
2.15. relation: '''relatem''': ''me (I) es (is / are/ am) neutrale (neutral) relatem sey (this) kwesta (question) – I'm neutral concerning this question''
  
● dumi (to think) om molya (wife) – to think about the wife
+
2.16. support: '''pro''': ''li (they) shwo (say, talk) pro guverna (government) – they talk pro government''
  
2.6. with, without: kun, sin
+
2.17. opposition: '''kontra''': ''kontra may (my) vola (will) – against my will''
  
● promeni (to walk) kun kinda (child) – to walk with the child
 
  
● chay (tea) sin sukra (sugar) – tea without sugar
 
  
2.7. doer, tool: bay
+
=== 3. Prepositions of correlations ===
  
● chi (to eat) bay chiza (spoon) – to eat with a spoon
+
3.1. replacement: '''inplas''': ''onpon (to put on) jupa (skirt) inplas panta (trousers) – to put on the skirt instead of trousers''
  
● gana (song) (skriben (written)) bay Vysotski a song by Vysotski
+
3.2. exception: '''exepte''': ''oli (all, everybody) exepte me (I) – everybody except me''
  
2.8. object of action: an
+
3.3. besides: '''krome''': ''lu (he) hev (to have) mucho (many) amiga (friend) krome me (I) – he has a lot of friend besides me''
  
● kansa (glance) an dom (house) – a glance at the house
+
3.4. concession: '''malgree''': ''nu (we) promeni (to walk) malgree pluva (rain) – we walk in spite of the rain''
  
2.9. accordance: segun
 
  
● plei (to play) segun regula (rule) – to play according to the rules
 
  
2.10. means: via
+
=== 4. Prepositions of situation ===
 
+
'' (the mark '''komo''' means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)''
● en-jan (to learn) habar (news) via visin (neighbor) – to learn the news from the neighbor
+
 
+
2.11. change, exchange: pur
+
 
+
● kupi (to buy) pur mani (money) – to buy with money
+
 
+
● zwo (to do) pur amiga (friend) – to do instead of a friend
+
 
+
2.12. simultaneity: al
+
 
+
● lagi (to lie) al lekti (to read) – to lie reading
+
 
+
2.13. material: aus
+
 
+
● kastela (castle) aus ramla (sand) – a castle (made) out of the sand
+
 
+
2.14. characteristic feature: do
+
 
+
● okula (glasses) do surya (sun) – sunglasses
+
 
+
2.15. relation: relatem
+
 
+
● me (I) es (is / are/ am) neutrale (neutral) relatem sey (this) kwesta (question) – I'm neutral concerning this question
+
 
+
2.16. support: pro
+
 
+
● li (they) shwo (say, talk) pro guverna (government) – they talk pro government
+
 
+
2.17. opposition: kontra
+
 
+
● kontra may (my) vola (will) – against my will
+
 
+
 
+
3. Prepositions of correlations
+
 
+
3.1. replacement: inplas
+
 
+
● onpon (to put on) jupa (skirt) inplas panta (trousers) – to put on the skirt instead of trousers
+
 
+
3.2. exception: exepte
+
 
+
● oli (all, everybody) exepte me (I) – everybody except me
+
 
+
3.3. besides: krome
+
 
+
● lu (he) hev (to have) mucho (many) amiga (friend) krome me (I) – he has a lot of friend besides me
+
 
+
3.4. concession: malgree
+
 
+
● nu (we) promeni (to walk) malgree pluva (rain) – we walk in spite of the rain
+
 
+
 
+
4. Prepositions of situation (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)
+
  
 
4.1. in limits:  
 
4.1. in limits:  
  
a) in (in)  
+
a) '''in''' (in): ''promeni (to walk) in shulin (forest) – to walk in a forest''
  
● promeni (to walk) in shulin (forest) – to walk in a forest
+
b) '''inen''' (inside (komo)): ''ye (there is) koysa (something) inen boxa (box) – there is something inside the box''
  
b) inen (inside (komo))
+
4.2. outside: '''ausen''' (komo): ''may (my) oma (grandmother) jivi (lives) ausen urba (city) – my grandmother lives outside the city''
  
● ye (there is) koysa (something) inen boxa (box) – there is something inside the box
+
4.3. near: '''bli''' (komo): ''skola (school) es (is) bli dom (house) – the school is near the house''
  
4.2. outside: ausen (komo)
+
4.4. at the other side of: '''traen''' (komo): ''Es (is) tume (dark) traen winda (window). – It's dark outside (the window).''
 
+
● may (my) oma (grandmother) jivi (lives) ausen urba (city) – my grandmother lives outside the city
+
 
+
4.3. near: bli (komo)
+
 
+
● skola (school) es (is) bli dom (house) – the school is near the house
+
 
+
4.4. at the other side of: traen (komo)
+
 
+
Es (is) tume (dark) traen winda (window). – It's dark outside (the window).
+
  
 
4.5. in relation to other things:
 
4.5. in relation to other things:
  
a) inter (between)
+
a) '''inter''' (between): ''nu (we) es (is / are) inter skay (sky) e (and) arda (earth) – we are between the sky and the earth''
  
● nu (we) es (is / are) inter skay (sky) e (and) arda (earth) – we are between the sky and the earth
+
b) '''miden''' (among): ''miden amigas (friends) – among the friends''
  
b) miden (among)
+
4.6. linear sequence: '''bifoo''' (before), '''afte''' (after)
  
● miden amigas (friends) – among the friends
+
- ''In (in) sey (this) fila (line, queue) yu (you) es (is / are) bifoo me (I) e (and) afte ela (she). In this line you are before me and after
 +
her.''
  
4.6. linear sequence:
+
4.7. sequence in space: '''avanen''' (in front of (komo)), '''baken''' (behind (komo)): ''avanen kolona – in front of the column, baken dwar – behind the door''
 
+
a) bifoo (before)
+
 
+
b) afte (after)
+
 
+
● In (in) sey (this) fila (line, queue) yu (you) es (is / are) bifoo me (I) e (and) afte ela (she). – In this line you are before me and after
+
her.
+
 
+
● Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke"
+
(thank you). – Before meal one should wash the hands, and after the meal one should say "thank you".
+
 
+
4.7. sequence in space:  
+
 
+
a) avanen (in front of (komo))
+
 
+
avanen kolona – in front of the column
+
 
+
b) baken (behind (komo))
+
 
+
baken dwar – behind the door
+
  
 
4.8. vertically:  
 
4.8. vertically:  
  
a) on (on)
+
a) '''on''' (on): ''Kitaba (book) es (is / are) on tabla (table). – The book is on the table.''
 
+
Kitaba (book) es (is / are) on tabla (table). – The book is on the table.
+
 
+
b) sobre (above), sub (under)
+
 
+
● Papagay (parrot) flai (to fly) sobre tabla (table), kota (cat) sidi (to sit) sub lemar (wardrobe). – The parrot flies over the table, the
+
cat sits under the wardrobe.
+
 
+
c) uuparen (up, at the upper part of (komo)), nichen (at the lower part of (komo))
+
  
● nichen kolina (hill) — at the bottom of the hill
+
b) '''sobre''' (above), '''sub''' (under): ''Papagay (parrot) flai (to fly) sobre tabla (table), kota (cat) sidi (to sit) sub lemar (wardrobe). – The parrot flies over the table, the cat sits under the wardrobe.''
  
fon (from) uuparen — from above
+
c) '''uuparen''' (up, at the upper part of (komo)), '''nichen''' (at the lower part of (komo)): ''nichen kolina (hill) — at the bottom of the hill, fon (from) uuparen — from above''
  
 
4.9. horizontally:  
 
4.9. horizontally:  
  
a) flanken (at the side of (komo))
+
a) '''flanken''' (at the side of (komo)): ''Flanken dom (house) ye (there is) garden (garden). – At the side of the house there is a garden.''
  
● Flanken dom (house) ye (there is) garden (garden). – At the side of the house there is a garden.
+
b) '''leften''' (at the left (komo)), '''desnen''' (on the right (komo)): ''In (in) korpa (body) kordia (heart) es (is / are) leften. – In the body the heart is at the left.''
  
b) leften (at the left (komo)), desnen (on the right (komo))
+
4.10. around: '''sirkum''' (komo): ''sirkum dom (house) – around the house''
  
● In (in) korpa (body) kordia (heart) es (is / are) leften. – In the body the heart is at the left.
+
4.11. opposition: '''kontra''' (komo): ''Teatra (theater) es (is / are) kontra sirkus (circus). – The theater is in front of the circus.''
  
4.10. around: sirkum (komo)
+
4.12. a typical place or feature: '''she''': ''Me (I) es (is / are) she me (I). – I am at mine.''
  
● sirkum dom (house) – around the house
 
  
4.11. opposition: kontra (komo)
 
  
● Teatra (theater) es (is / are) kontra sirkus (circus). – The theater is in front of the circus.
+
=== 5. Prepositions of movement ===
 
+
(the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)
4.12. a typical place or feature: she
+
 
+
● Me (I) es (is / are) she me (I). – I am at mine.
+
 
+
 
+
5. Prepositions of movement (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)
+
  
 
5.1. direction to:  
 
5.1. direction to:  
  
a) a
+
a) '''a''': ''Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) a dom (to the house). – I'm going (walking) to the house (home).''
  
● Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) a dom (to the house). – I'm going (walking) to the house (home).
+
b) '''versu''': ''Treba (it is necessary) turni (to turn) versu dom (home). – One should turn towards home.''
  
b) versu
+
5.2. direction from: '''fon''': ''May (my) mata (mother) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) fon dom (house) fo (for) miti (to meet) me (I). – My mother is walking from the house in order to meet me.''
  
● Treba (it is necessary) turni (to turn) versu dom (home). – One should turn towards home.
+
5.3. into: '''inu''' (komo): ''Bye (don't) stan (stand), go (go) inu dom (house). – Don’t stand, go into the house.''
  
5.2. direction from: fon
+
5.4. out of: '''aus''' (komo): ''Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) findi (to find) dao (way) aus shulin (forest). – I can't find the way out of the forest.''
  
● May (my) mata (mother) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) fon dom (house) fo (for) miti (to meet) me (I). – My mother is walking from the  
+
5.5. through: '''tra''': ''Me (I) mog (can) vidi (to see) yu (you) tra winda (window). – I can see you through the window.''
house in order to meet me.
+
  
5.3. into: inu (komo)
+
5.6. along: '''along''': ''go (to go) along riva (river) – to go along the river''
  
● Bye (don't) stan (stand), go (go) inu dom (house). Don’t stand, go into the house.
+
5.7. vertically: '''uupar''' (up (komo)), '''nich''' (down (komo)): ''go (to go) uupar kolina (hill) – to go up the hill''
  
5.4. out of: aus (komo)
+
5.8. horizontally: '''avan''' (forward, ahead (komo)), '''bak''' (back (komo)): ''go (to go) bak kamina (road) – to go back along the road''
  
Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) findi (to find) dao (way) aus shulin (forest). – I can't find the way out of the forest.
+
5.9. impact: '''kontra''' (against): ''Me (I) apogi (lean) kontra mur (wall). – I lean against the wall.''
  
5.5. through: tra
+
5.10. past, by:''' pas''': ''Oni (one, they) go (go) pas e (and) bu (not) merki (to notice) nixa (nothing). – They are going past and don't notice anything.''
  
● Me (I) mog (can) vidi (to see) yu (you) tra winda (window). – I can see you through the window.
 
  
5.6. along: along
+
=== 6. Prepositions of time ===
  
● go (to go) along riva (river) – to go along the river
+
6.1. period: '''fo''': ''me (I) pren (to take) it (it) fo tri (three) dey (day) – I take it for three days''
  
5.7. vertically: uupar (up (komo)), nich (down (komo))
+
6.2. duration: '''duran''': ''duran gwer (war) – during the war''
  
● go (to go) uupar kolina (hill) – to go up the hill
+
6.3. beginning: '''depos''': ''Me (I) es (is / are / am) hir (here) depos klok (o'clock) sit (six). I've been here since six o'clock.''
  
5.8. horizontally: avan (forward, ahead (komo)), bak (back (komo))
+
6.4. limits: '''fon, til''': ''Me (I) majbur (to have to) bi (to be) hir (here) fon sabah (morning) til aksham (evening). – I have to be here from morning till evening.''
  
● go (to go) bak kamina (road) – to go back along the road
+
6.5. in, after: '''afte''':
  
5.9. impact: kontra (against)
+
- ''Me (I) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) hir (here) afte (after) klok (o'clock) sit (six). - I'll be here after six o'clock.''
  
Me (I) apogi (lean) kontra mur (wall). I lean against the wall.
+
- ''Me (I) lai (to come) afte dwa (two) minuta (minute). - I'll be back in two minutes.''
  
5.10. past, by: pas
+
6.6. by: '''bifoo'''
  
● Oni (one, they) go (go) pas e (and) bu (not) merki (to notice) nixa (nothing). – They are going past and don't notice anything.
+
- ''Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. ''
  
 +
- ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke"
 +
(thank you). – Before meal one should wash the hands, and after the meal one should say "thank you".
  
6. Prepositions of time
 
  
6.1. period: fo
 
  
● me (I) pren (to take) it (it) fo tri (three) dey (day) – I take it for three days
+
=== 7. Prepositions of number ===
  
6.2. duration: duran
+
7.1. approximate: '''sirke''': ''sirke dwa (two) metra (meter) – about two meters ''
  
● duran gwer (war) – during the war
+
7.2. distribution per unit: '''per''': ''dwa (two) dolar (dollars) per jen (man) – two dollars per head''
  
6.3. beginning: depos
+
7.3. distribution into portions: '''po''': ''Olo (all, everything) es (is / are) po dwa (two) dolar (dollar). – Everything costs two dollars each piece.''
  
● Me (I) es (is / are / am) hir (here) depos klok (o'clock) sit (six). – I've been here since six o'clock.
 
  
6.4. limits: fon, til
 
  
● Me (I) majbur (to have to) bi (to be) hir (here) fon sabah (morning) til aksham (evening). – I have to be here from morning till evening.
+
=== 8. Preposition of general meaning: '''pa''' ===
  
6.5. in, after: afte
+
- ''pa fortuna (luck) – fortunately''
  
● Me (I) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) hir (here) afte (after) klok (o'clock) sit (six). - I'll be here after six o'clock.
+
- ''pa mur (wall) – at the wall ''
 
+
● Me (I) lai (to come) afte dwa (two) minuta (minute). - I'll be back in two minutes.
+
 
+
6.6. by: bifoo
+
 
+
Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock.
+
 
+
 
+
7. Prepositions of number
+
 
+
7.1. approximate: sirke
+
 
+
● sirke dwa (two) metra (meter) – about two meters
+
 
+
7.2. distribution per unit: per
+
 
+
● dwa (two) dolar (dollars) per jen (man) – two dollars per head
+
 
+
7.3. distribution into portions: po
+
 
+
● Olo (all, everything) es (is / are) po dwa (two) dolar (dollar). – Everything costs two dollars each piece.
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
8. Preposition of general meaning: pa
+
 
+
● pa fortuna (luck) – fortunately
+
 
+
pa mur (wall) – at the wall  
+
 
+
● shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian
+
  
 +
- ''shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian''
  
  
 
== Conjunctions ==
 
== Conjunctions ==
 
  
 
1. Conjunctions unite: either words of the same class or whole clauses.
 
1. Conjunctions unite: either words of the same class or whole clauses.
  
1.1. simple:
+
=== 1.1. simple: ===
  
a) combination: e (and)
+
a) combination: '''e''' (and)
  
me (I) e yu (you) – me and you
+
- ''me (I) e yu (you) – me and you''
  
Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw) e gani (to sing). – I can draw and sing.
+
- ''Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw) e gani (to sing). – I can draw and sing.''
  
b) contrasting: bat (but)
+
b) contrasting: '''bat''' (but)
  
Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw), bat me (I) bu (not) janmog (to know how) gani (to sing). – I can draw, but I can't sing.
+
-'' Me (I) janmog (to know how) rasmi (to draw), bat me (I) bu (not) janmog (to know how) gani (to sing). – I can draw, but I can't sing.''
  
c) alternative: o (oda) (or)
+
c) alternative: '''o''' (oda) (or)
  
Pren (to take) sey (this) kitaba (book) o toy-la (that one). – Take this book or that one.
+
- ''Pren (to take) sey (this) kitaba (book) o toy-la (that one). – Take this book or that one.''
  
1.2. doubled:
 
  
a) both...and: i... i
+
=== 1.2. doubled: ===
  
Me (I) lubi (to love) i yu (you) i ela (she). – I love both you and her.
+
a) both...and: '''i .. i''': ''Me (I) lubi (to love) i yu (you) i ela (she). – I love both you and her.''
  
b) neither... nor: ni .. ni
+
b) neither... nor: '''ni .. ni''': ''Me (I) bu (not) yao (to want) vidi (to see) li (they), ni lu (he) ni ela (she). – I don't want to see them, neither him nor her.''
  
● Me (I) bu (not) yao (to want) vidi (to see) li (they), ni lu (he) ni ela (she). – I don't want to see them, neither him nor her.
+
c) either... or: '''oda .. oda''': ''Nu (we) sal (to be going to) hev (to have) oda son (son) oda docha (daughter). – We are going to have either a son or a daughter.''
  
c) either... or: oda .. oda
+
d) '''nau .. nau''': ''Ta (he / she) shwo (to say, to talk) nau lautem (loudly), nau kyetem (quietly). - He / She is talking now loudly, now quietly.''
  
● Nu (we) sal (to be going to) hev (to have) oda son (son) oda docha (daughter). – We are going to have either a son or a daughter.
 
  
d) nau .. nau
 
  
● Ta (he / she) shwo (to say, to talk) nau lautem (loudly), nau kyetem (quietly). - He / She is talking now loudly, now quietly.
+
=== 1.3. phrasal: ===
  
 +
a) condition: '''si''': ''Me (I) lai (to come) si yu (you) yao (to want). – I will come if you want.''
  
1.3. phrasal:
+
b) concession: '''obwol''': ''Ta (he / she) bu (not) lai (to come) obwol me (I) he ("past tense") pregi (to ask for). – He/she didn't come, though I had asked (her to come).''
  
a) condition: si
+
c) purpose: '''dabe''': ''Me (I) shwo (to say, to talk) dabe yu (you) samaji (to understand) me (I). – I speak so that you understand me.''
  
● Me (I) lai (to come) si yu (you) yao (to want). – I will come if you want.
+
d) cause: '''bikos''' (because), '''sikom''' (as, for)
  
b) concession: obwol
+
- ''Me (I) lai (to come) bikos yu (you) pregi (to ask for). – I come because you asks (for it).''
  
● Ta (he / she) bu (not) lai (to come) obwol me (I) he ("past tense") pregi (to ask for). – He/she didn't come, though I had asked (her to
+
- ''Sikom yu (you) bu (not) pregi (to ask for), me (I) bu (not) ve ("future tense") lai (to come). – As you don't ask (for it), I won't come.''
come).
+
  
c) purpose: dabe
+
e) sudden circumstance: '''ewalaa'''
 
+
● Me (I) shwo (to say, to talk) dabe yu (you) samaji (to understand) me (I). – I speak so that you understand me.
+
 
+
d) cause: bikos (because), sikom (as, for)
+
 
+
● Me (I) lai (to come) bikos yu (you) pregi (to ask for). – I come because you asks (for it).
+
 
+
● Sikom yu (you) bu (not) pregi (to ask for), me (I) bu (not) ve ("future tense") lai (to come). – As you don't ask (for it), I won't come.
+
 
+
e) sudden circumstance: ewalaa
+
 
+
● Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") somni (to sleep) ewalaa baji (to ring) gro (much). – I'm sleeping, and suddenly it rings a lot.
+
 
+
f) opposition: yedoh
+
 
+
● Me (I) koni (to know, to be acquainted)  yu (you) yedoh me (I) bu (not) koni (to know, to be acquainted) yur (your) sista (sister). – I know
+
you, however I don't know your sister.
+
  
 +
- ''Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") somni (to sleep) ewalaa baji (to ring) gro (much). – I'm sleeping, and suddenly it rings a lot.''
  
 +
f) opposition: '''yedoh'''
  
 +
- ''Me (I) koni (to know, to be acquainted)  yu (you) yedoh me (I) bu (not) koni (to know, to be acquainted) yur (your) sista (sister). – I know you, however I don't know your sister.''
  
  
 
== Numerals ==
 
== Numerals ==
 
  
 
1. Words denoting a number (with all such words the basic form of noun is used)
 
1. Words denoting a number (with all such words the basic form of noun is used)
  
1.1. basic numerals
+
=== 1.1. basic numerals ===
  
 
a) units
 
a) units
  
nol (0)
+
'''nol''' (0)
 
+
un (1), dwa (2), tri (3), char (4), pet (5),
+
  
sit (6), sem (7), ot (8), nin (9), shi (10)
+
'''un''' (1), '''dwa''' (2), '''tri''' (3), '''char''' (4), '''pet''' (5), '''sit''' (6), '''sem''' (7), '''ot''' (8), '''nin''' (9), '''shi''' (10)
  
 
a) tens
 
a) tens
  
dwashi (20), trishi (30), charshi (40) ... ninshi (90) (written as one word)
+
'''dwashi''' (20), '''trishi''' (30), '''charshi''' (40) ... '''ninshi''' (90) ''(written as one word)''
  
 
b) hundreds
 
b) hundreds
  
sto (100), dwasto (200), tristo (300) ... ninsto (900) (written as one word)
+
'''sto''' (100), '''dwasto''' (200), '''tristo''' (300) ... '''ninsto''' (900) ''(written as one word)''
  
c) thousand: mil (1000) (written in several words)
+
c) thousand: '''mil''' (1000) ''(written in several words)''
  
d) million: milion (1.000.000) (written in several words)
+
d) million: '''milion''' (1.000.000) ''(written in several words)''
  
 
e) numbers
 
e) numbers
  
shi-un (11), shi-dwa (12), shi-tri (13) ... shi-nin (19)
+
'''shi-un''' (11), '''shi-dwa''' (12), '''shi-tri''' (13) ... '''shi-nin''' (19)
  
dwashi-un (21), petshi-sem (57)
+
'''dwashi-un''' (21), '''petshi-sem''' (57)
  
 
22 957 = dwashi-dwa mil ninsto-petshi-sem
 
22 957 = dwashi-dwa mil ninsto-petshi-sem
  
  
1.2. Fractions: -fen
+
1.2. Fractions: -'''fen'''
  
un dwafen – 1/2
+
- ''un dwafen – 1/2''
  
sem shifen – 7/10
+
- ''sem shifen – 7/10; 0,7''
  
tri koma pet – 3,5
+
- ''tri koma pet – 3,5''
  
  
 +
=== Deriven worda ===
  
 
1.3. Adjectives:
 
1.3. Adjectives:
  
a) un-ney (the first), dwa-ney (the second), tri-ney (the third) ...
+
a) -'''ney''': un-ney (the first), dwa-ney (the second), tri-ney (the third) ...
  
b) unple (single), dwaple (double) ...
+
b) -'''ple''': unple (single), dwaple (double) ...
  
  
Line 1,604: Line 1,450:
 
1.4. Adverbs:
 
1.4. Adverbs:
  
a) un-nem (firstly), dwa-nem (secondly) ...
+
a) -'''nem''': un-nem (firstly), dwa-nem (secondly) ...
  
b) dwaplem (twice), triplem (three times as much) ...
+
b) -'''plem''': dwaplem (twice), triplem (three times as much) ...
  
  
Line 1,612: Line 1,458:
 
1.5. Nouns:
 
1.5. Nouns:
  
a) unka (one), dwaka (two) ...  
+
a) -'''ka''': unka (one), dwaka (two) ...  
  
b) haf (half), para (pair)
+
b) '''haf''' (half), '''para''' (pair)
  
  
1.6. Pronouns  
+
=== 1.6. Pronouns ===
  
a) mucho (many, much)
+
a) '''mucho''' (many, much)
  
b) pluri (several)
+
b) '''pluri''' (several)
  
c) kelke (some)
+
c) '''kelke''' (some)
  
d) idyen (a little, a few)
+
d) '''idyen''' (a little, a few)
  
e) shao (little, few)
+
e) '''shao''' (little, few)
  
Me (I) vidi (to see) mucho (many, much) flor (flower). – I see a lot of flowers.
+
- ''Me (I) vidi (to see) mucho (many, much) flor (flower). – I see a lot of flowers.''
  
Ta (he/she) hev (to have) shao (little, few) kalam (pencil). – He/she has few pencils.
+
- ''Ta (he/she) hev (to have) shao (little, few) kalam (pencil). – He/she has few pencils.''
  
f) zuy mucho = maiste, zuy shao = minim
+
f) zuy mucho = '''maiste''', zuy shao = '''minim'''
  
Lu (he) hev (to have) minim bonbon (sweet). – He has the smallest amount of sweets.
+
- ''Lu (he) hev (to have) minim bonbon (sweet). – He has the smallest amount of sweets.''
  
g) kwanto (how many. how much)
+
g) '''kwanto''' (how many. how much)
  
h) tanto (so, to such extent)
+
h) '''tanto''' (so, to such extent)
  
  
2. Date
+
=== 2. Date ===
  
2.1. days of the week: numeral + di
+
2.1. days of the week: numeral + '''di'''
  
 
a) undi (Monday)
 
a) undi (Monday)
Line 1,687: Line 1,533:
 
l) desemba = mes-shi-dwa (December)
 
l) desemba = mes-shi-dwa (December)
  
dey trishi-un de mes-shi-dwa – the 31th of December
+
- ''dey trishi-un de mes-shi-dwa – the 31th of December''
  
dey 21 mes 9 yar 1945 – 21.9.1945
+
- ''dey 21 mes 9 yar 1945 – 21.9.1945''
  
  
3. O'clock: klok
+
3. O'clock: '''klok'''
 
+
● klok dwa – two o'clock
+
 
+
● klok sem sin pet – five before seven o'clock
+
 
+
klok sit e haf – half past six
+
  
 +
-''klok dwa – two o'clock''
  
 +
- ''klok sem sin pet – five before seven o'clock''
  
 +
- ''klok sit e haf – half past six''
  
 
== Exclamations ==
 
== Exclamations ==
  
  
1. Greetings
+
=== 1. Greetings ===
  
1.1. Swasti! – (universal greeting) Be happy! Let the peace be on the Earth!
+
1.1. '''Swasti'''! – (universal greeting) Be happy! Let the peace be on the Earth!
  
 
1.2. Compound greetings
 
1.2. Compound greetings
  
a) Hao sabah! – Good morning!
+
a) '''Hao sabah'''! – Good morning!
  
b) Hao dey! – Good afternoon!
+
b) '''Hao dey'''! – Good afternoon!
  
c) Hao aksham! – Good evening!
+
c) '''Hao aksham'''! – Good evening!
 +
 
 +
d) '''Hao nocha'''! – Good night!
  
d) Hao nocha! – Good night!
 
  
 
1.3. Simple greetings
 
1.3. Simple greetings
  
a) Salam! Heloo! Ola! – Hello!
+
a) '''Salam! Heloo! Ola!''' – Hello!
 +
 
 +
b) '''Namastee! Nihao!''' – Hello! How do you do!
  
b) Namastee! Nihao! – Hello! How do you do!
 
  
 
1.4. Bye
 
1.4. Bye
  
a) Chao! – Bye!
+
a) '''Chao'''! – Bye!
  
b) Adyoo! – Good bye!
+
b) '''Adyoo'''! – Good bye!
  
  
2. Politeness words
+
=== 2. Politeness words ===
  
 
2.1. Thankfulness
 
2.1. Thankfulness
  
a) Danke! Shukran! – Thank you!  
+
a) '''Danke! Shukran'''! – Thank you!  
  
b) Danke gro! – Thank you very much!
+
b) '''Danke gro'''! – Thank you very much!
 +
 
 +
c) '''Bi hao!''' – You are welcome!
  
c) Bi hao! – You are welcome!
 
  
 
2.2 Excuse
 
2.2 Excuse
  
Skusi! – Excuse me!
+
'''Skusi'''! – Excuse me!
 +
 
  
 
2.3. Request
 
2.3. Request
  
a) Plis – please (when asking)
+
a) '''Plis''' – please (when asking)
 
+
b) Bi karim – be kind
+
 
+
2.4. Swaagat! – Welcome!
+
  
 +
b) '''Bi karim''' – be kind
  
 +
2.4. '''Swaagat!''' – Welcome!
  
3. Interjections
 
  
a) Afsos! – Alas!
+
=== 3. Interjections ===
  
b) Kamon! – Come on!
+
a) '''Afsos'''! – Alas!
  
c) wel well
+
b) '''Kamon'''! Come on!
  
 +
c) '''wel''' – well
  
 +
{{Lingwa de Planeta}}
  
[[Category:Gramatika]]
+
[[Category:Gramatika de Lingwa de Planeta]]
 +
[[Category:Lingwa de Planeta pa inglish]]

Latest revision as of 16:12, 3 July 2014

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