Gramatika pa inglish

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(Prepositions)
(4. Prepositions of situation)
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her.''
 
her.''
  
 
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4.7. sequence in space: '''avanen''' (in front of (komo)), '''baken''' (behind (komo)): ''avanen kolona – in front of the column, baken dwar – behind the door''
 
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4.7. sequence in space:  
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a) avanen (in front of (komo))
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avanen kolona – in front of the column
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b) baken (behind (komo))
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baken dwar – behind the door
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4.8. vertically:  
 
4.8. vertically:  
  
a) on (on)
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a) '''on''' (on): ''Kitaba (book) es (is / are) on tabla (table). – The book is on the table.''
 
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Kitaba (book) es (is / are) on tabla (table). – The book is on the table.
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b) sobre (above), sub (under)
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● Papagay (parrot) flai (to fly) sobre tabla (table), kota (cat) sidi (to sit) sub lemar (wardrobe). – The parrot flies over the table, the
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cat sits under the wardrobe.
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c) uuparen (up, at the upper part of (komo)), nichen (at the lower part of (komo))
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● nichen kolina (hill) — at the bottom of the hill
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b) '''sobre''' (above), '''sub''' (under): ''Papagay (parrot) flai (to fly) sobre tabla (table), kota (cat) sidi (to sit) sub lemar (wardrobe). – The parrot flies over the table, the cat sits under the wardrobe.''
  
fon (from) uuparen — from above
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c) '''uuparen''' (up, at the upper part of (komo)), '''nichen''' (at the lower part of (komo)): ''nichen kolina (hill) — at the bottom of the hill, fon (from) uuparen — from above''
  
 
4.9. horizontally:  
 
4.9. horizontally:  
  
a) flanken (at the side of (komo))
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a) '''flanken''' (at the side of (komo)): ''Flanken dom (house) ye (there is) garden (garden). – At the side of the house there is a garden.''
  
● Flanken dom (house) ye (there is) garden (garden). – At the side of the house there is a garden.
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b) '''leften''' (at the left (komo)), '''desnen''' (on the right (komo)): ''In (in) korpa (body) kordia (heart) es (is / are) leften. – In the body the heart is at the left.''
  
b) leften (at the left (komo)), desnen (on the right (komo))
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4.10. around: '''sirkum''' (komo): ''sirkum dom (house) – around the house''
  
● In (in) korpa (body) kordia (heart) es (is / are) leften. – In the body the heart is at the left.
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4.11. opposition: '''kontra''' (komo): ''Teatra (theater) es (is / are) kontra sirkus (circus). – The theater is in front of the circus.''
  
4.10. around: sirkum (komo)
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4.12. a typical place or feature: '''she''': ''Me (I) es (is / are) she me (I). – I am at mine.''
  
● sirkum dom (house) – around the house
 
  
4.11. opposition: kontra (komo)
 
  
● Teatra (theater) es (is / are) kontra sirkus (circus). – The theater is in front of the circus.
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=== 5. Prepositions of movement ===
 
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(the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)
4.12. a typical place or feature: she
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● Me (I) es (is / are) she me (I). – I am at mine.
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5. Prepositions of movement (the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)
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5.1. direction to:  
 
5.1. direction to:  
  
a) a
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a) '''a''': ''Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) a dom (to the house). – I'm going (walking) to the house (home).''
  
● Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) a dom (to the house). – I'm going (walking) to the house (home).
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b) '''versu''': ''Treba (it is necessary) turni (to turn) versu dom (home). – One should turn towards home.''
  
b) versu
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5.2. direction from: '''fon''': ''May (my) mata (mother) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) fon dom (house) fo (for) miti (to meet) me (I). – My mother is walking from the house in order to meet me.''
  
● Treba (it is necessary) turni (to turn) versu dom (home). – One should turn towards home.
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5.3. into: '''inu''' (komo): ''Bye (don't) stan (stand), go (go) inu dom (house). – Don’t stand, go into the house.''
  
5.2. direction from: fon
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5.4. out of: '''aus''' (komo): ''Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) findi (to find) dao (way) aus shulin (forest). – I can't find the way out of the forest.''
  
● May (my) mata (mother) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) fon dom (house) fo (for) miti (to meet) me (I). – My mother is walking from the  
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5.5. through: '''tra''': ''Me (I) mog (can) vidi (to see) yu (you) tra winda (window). – I can see you through the window.''
house in order to meet me.
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5.3. into: inu (komo)
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5.6. along: '''along''': ''go (to go) along riva (river) – to go along the river''
  
● Bye (don't) stan (stand), go (go) inu dom (house). Don’t stand, go into the house.
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5.7. vertically: '''uupar''' (up (komo)), '''nich''' (down (komo)): ''go (to go) uupar kolina (hill) – to go up the hill''
  
5.4. out of: aus (komo)
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5.8. horizontally: '''avan''' (forward, ahead (komo)), '''bak''' (back (komo)): ''go (to go) bak kamina (road) – to go back along the road''
  
Me (I) bu (not) mog (can) findi (to find) dao (way) aus shulin (forest). – I can't find the way out of the forest.
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5.9. impact: '''kontra''' (against): ''Me (I) apogi (lean) kontra mur (wall). – I lean against the wall.''
  
5.5. through: tra
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5.10. past, by:''' pas''': ''Oni (one, they) go (go) pas e (and) bu (not) merki (to notice) nixa (nothing). – They are going past and don't notice anything.''
  
● Me (I) mog (can) vidi (to see) yu (you) tra winda (window). – I can see you through the window.
 
  
5.6. along: along
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=== 6. Prepositions of time ===
  
● go (to go) along riva (river) – to go along the river
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6.1. period: '''fo''': ''me (I) pren (to take) it (it) fo tri (three) dey (day) – I take it for three days''
  
5.7. vertically: uupar (up (komo)), nich (down (komo))
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6.2. duration: '''duran''': ''duran gwer (war) – during the war''
  
● go (to go) uupar kolina (hill) – to go up the hill
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6.3. beginning: '''depos''': ''Me (I) es (is / are / am) hir (here) depos klok (o'clock) sit (six). I've been here since six o'clock.''
  
5.8. horizontally: avan (forward, ahead (komo)), bak (back (komo))
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6.4. limits: '''fon, til''': ''Me (I) majbur (to have to) bi (to be) hir (here) fon sabah (morning) til aksham (evening). – I have to be here from morning till evening.''
  
● go (to go) bak kamina (road) – to go back along the road
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6.5. in, after: '''afte''':
  
5.9. impact: kontra (against)
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- ''Me (I) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) hir (here) afte (after) klok (o'clock) sit (six). - I'll be here after six o'clock.''
  
Me (I) apogi (lean) kontra mur (wall). I lean against the wall.
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- ''Me (I) lai (to come) afte dwa (two) minuta (minute). - I'll be back in two minutes.''
  
5.10. past, by: pas
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6.6. by: '''bifoo'''
  
● Oni (one, they) go (go) pas e (and) bu (not) merki (to notice) nixa (nothing). – They are going past and don't notice anything.
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- ''Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock. ''
 
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6. Prepositions of time
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6.1. period: fo
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● me (I) pren (to take) it (it) fo tri (three) dey (day) – I take it for three days
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6.2. duration: duran
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● duran gwer (war) – during the war
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6.3. beginning: depos
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● Me (I) es (is / are / am) hir (here) depos klok (o'clock) sit (six). – I've been here since six o'clock.
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6.4. limits: fon, til
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● Me (I) majbur (to have to) bi (to be) hir (here) fon sabah (morning) til aksham (evening). – I have to be here from morning till evening.
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6.5. in, after: afte
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● Me (I) ve ("future tense") bi (to be) hir (here) afte (after) klok (o'clock) sit (six). - I'll be here after six o'clock.
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● Me (I) lai (to come) afte dwa (two) minuta (minute). - I'll be back in two minutes.
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6.6. by: bifoo
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Treba (to have to) zwo (to do) se (this) bifoo klok (o'clock) sem (seven). - You have to do (to have been done) that before seven o'clock.  
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- ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke"  
 
- ''Bifoo chifan (to have meal) gai (should) woshi (to wash) handas (hands) e (and) afte chifan (to have meal) gai (should) shwo (say) "danke"  
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7. Prepositions of number
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=== 7. Prepositions of number ===
 
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7.1. approximate: sirke
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● sirke dwa (two) metra (meter) – about two meters
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7.2. distribution per unit: per
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dwa (two) dolar (dollars) per jen (man) – two dollars per head
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7.1. approximate: '''sirke''': ''sirke dwa (two) metra (meter) – about two meters ''
  
7.3. distribution into portions: po
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7.2. distribution per unit: '''per''': ''dwa (two) dolar (dollars) per jen (man) – two dollars per head''
  
Olo (all, everything) es (is / are) po dwa (two) dolar (dollar). – Everything costs two dollars each piece.
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7.3. distribution into portions: '''po''': ''Olo (all, everything) es (is / are) po dwa (two) dolar (dollar). – Everything costs two dollars each piece.''
  
  
  
8. Preposition of general meaning: pa
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=== 8. Preposition of general meaning: '''pa''' ===
  
pa fortuna (luck) – fortunately
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- ''pa fortuna (luck) – fortunately''
  
pa mur (wall) – at the wall  
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- ''pa mur (wall) – at the wall ''
  
shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian
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- ''shwo (to say, to talk) pa ruski (Russian) – to speak Russian''
  
 
== Conjunctions ==
 
== Conjunctions ==

Revision as of 11:19, 16 April 2014

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