Gramatika pa inglish
(→Compound words) |
(→Interchange of one part of speech for another) |
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k) '''tra''' (through): ''go (to go) – trago (to go through)'' | k) '''tra''' (through): ''go (to go) – trago (to go through)'' | ||
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== Interchange of one part of speech for another == | == Interchange of one part of speech for another == | ||
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1. Noun to adjective: | 1. Noun to adjective: | ||
| − | a) -ney (for nouns ending with -а the short form is acceptable: resta-ney = reste) | + | a) -'''ney''' (for nouns ending with -а the short form is acceptable: resta-ney = reste): ''interes (interest) – interes-ney (interesting)'' |
| − | + | b) -'''ful''' (full of): ''luma (light) – lumaful (full of light, luminous)'' | |
| − | + | c) '''-lik''' (similar in appearance or character): ''gina (woman) – ginalik (feminine, womanly)'' | |
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2.1. Suffixes. | 2.1. Suffixes. | ||
| − | a) -a (for adjectives ending in -e) | + | a) -'''a''' ''(only for adjectives ending in -e)'' (“something or somebody characterized with this quality”) |
| − | + | - ''adulte (grown-up) – adulta (a grown-up person), konstante (constant) – konstanta (a constant)'' | |
| − | + | b) -(i)'''taa''' (makes abstract nouns): ''vere (true) – veritaa (truth), hao (good) – haotaa (goodness)'' | |
| − | + | c) -'''nesa''': ''gao (high) – gaonesa (highness) – gaotaa (height)'' | |
| − | + | d) -'''nik''' (characteristic feature): ''hao (good) – haonik (good one)'' | |
| − | + | e) -'''ka''' (a thing having the quality): ''mole (soft) – molika (pulp)'' | |
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2.2. Particles: | 2.2. Particles: | ||
| − | a) lo | + | a) '''lo''': ''Lo zuy (most) muhim (important) es (is) luba (love). – The most important thing is love.'' |
| − | + | b) -'''la''' / -'''las''': ''Walaa (here is) dwa (two) rosa (rose). Sey-la (this one) es (is) rude (red), toy-la (that one) es (is) blan (white). – Here are two roses. This one is red and that one is white.'' | |
| − | + | c) '''wan''' (only about people): ''Syao (little) wan bu (not) lai (to come). – The little one isn't coming.'' | |
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| − | + | 3. Adjective to adverb: -'''(e)m''' ''(the stressed vowel doesn't change)'' or the same form | |
| + | a) for adjectives ending in -e: ''klare (clear) – klarem (clearly)'' | ||
| − | + | b) for adjectives ending in a consonant: ''santush (satisfied, contented) — santushem (contentedly)'' | |
| − | + | c) for other adjectives the form doesn't change: ''hao (good, well), kway (quick, quickly)'' | |
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| − | + | 4. Noun to adverb: -'''nem''': ''amiga (friend) – amiga-nem (friendly) '' | |
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5. Noun to verb: | 5. Noun to verb: | ||
| − | a) -vati | + | a) -'''vati''': ''pao (a bubble) – paovati (to bubble)'' |
| − | + | b) -'''isi''': ''memoria (memory) – memorisi (to memorize)'' | |
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6. Adjective to verb | 6. Adjective to verb | ||
| − | a) fa- (= -ifi) | + | a) '''fa'''- (= -'''ifi'''): ''hao (good) – fa-hao (to improve, grow better)'', ''leve (light) – levifi (to lighten, become lighter)'' |
| − | + | b) '''mah'''- (= -'''isi'''): ''gran (big) – mah-gran (to increase, make bigger), klin (clean) – klinisi (to clean, cleanse)'' | |
| − | + | c) -'''fai''': ''hwan (yellow) – hwanfai (appear/show yellow)'' | |
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7.1. Without special changes in meaning | 7.1. Without special changes in meaning | ||
| − | a) -a (for the verbs ending with "consonant + i") | + | a) -'''a''' (for the verbs ending with "consonant + i"), -'''sa''' (for other verbs) (the act, the result): ''lubi (to love) – luba (love), gun (to work) – gunsa (work)'' |
| − | + | b) -'''ing''' (the process) (the stressed vowel doesn't change): ''swimi (to swim) – swiming (swimming), gloti (to swallow) – glota (a swallow) – gloting (swallowing)'' | |
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| − | b) -ing (the process) (the stressed vowel doesn't change) | + | |
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| + | c) '''tu''': ''Tu samaji (to understand) es (is / are) tu pardoni (to forgive). – To understand means to forgive.'' | ||
7.2. Doer | 7.2. Doer | ||
| − | a) -er (doer or tool) | + | a) -'''er''' (doer or tool): ''leki (to treat medically) – leker (doctor), ofni (to open) – ofner (opener)'' |
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| + | b) -'''sha''' (a person performing the action): ''plei (to play) – plei-sha (the one who is playing)'' | ||
| + | c) -'''nik''' (a person having a characteristic feature): ''fobi (to be afraid of) – fobnik (coward)'' | ||
7.3. Related to the action | 7.3. Related to the action | ||
| − | a) -tura (the final result) | + | a) -'''tura''' (the final result): ''shwo (to say, to talk) – shwotura (a saying)'' |
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| − | + | b) -'''wat''' (the object of action): ''pi (to drink) – piwat (beverage)'' | |
| − | + | c) -'''ka''' (an object related to the action): ''pendi (to hang) – pendika (peg, rack)'' | |
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8.1. General meaning | 8.1. General meaning | ||
| − | a) -ke (related to) | + | a) -'''ke''' (related to): ''helpi (to help) – helpike (auxiliary), hao-chi-ke (good, well + to eat) fan (food) – tasty food'' |
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| + | b) -'''she''', -'''ney''' (participles): ''skribi (to write) – skribi-she (writing), skribi (to write) – skribi-ney (written)'' | ||
8.2. With special meaning | 8.2. With special meaning | ||
| − | a) -bile (possibility) | + | a) -'''bile''' (possibility): ''vidi (to see) – vidibile (visible)'' |
| − | + | b) -'''shil''' (tending to): ''kusi (to bite) – kusishil (tending to bite)'' | |
| − | + | c) -'''val''' (worth doing): ''admiri (to admire) – admirival (admirable)'' | |
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9. Verb to adverb | 9. Verb to adverb | ||
| − | a) -shem (the short form for the verbs ending with i: sembli-shem = semblem) | + | a) -'''shem''' (the short form for the verbs ending with i: sembli-shem = semblem): ''ahfi (to hide) – ahfi-shem (secretly)'' |
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| + | b) -'''nem''': ''ofensi (to offend) – ofensi-nem (like being offended)'' | ||
== Particles and affixes that don't change the class of word == | == Particles and affixes that don't change the class of word == | ||
