Gramatika pa inglish
(→Compound Sentence) |
(→1. Noun) |
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== Word == | == Word == | ||
| + | |||
=== 1. Noun === | === 1. Noun === | ||
| − | Examples: jen (human), arda (earth), flor (flower), animal (animal). | + | Examples: ''jen (human), arda (earth), flor (flower), animal (animal). |
| + | '' | ||
1.1 Number | 1.1 Number | ||
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a) The basic form of a noun doesn't convey the number: | a) The basic form of a noun doesn't convey the number: | ||
| − | + | - ''jen – a human / many humans'' | |
| − | + | - ''un (one) jen – a human'' | |
| − | + | - ''dwa (two) jen – two humans'' | |
| − | + | - ''mucho (many) jen – many humans'' | |
| − | + | - ''jenes – humans'' | |
| − | |||
| − | + | b) plural form (the stressed vowel doesn't change): | |
| − | + | if the word ends with a vowel: + s: ''un kitaba (a book) – kitabas, un tabla (a table) – tablas'' | |
| − | if the word ends with a consnant: + es | + | if the word ends with a consnant: + es: ''un flor (a flower) – flores, un animal (an animal) – animales'' |
| − | |||
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b) The change of the word order is indicated by the particle den: | b) The change of the word order is indicated by the particle den: | ||
| − | + | - ''Den sey (this) flor (flower) me (I) pri (to like). – I like this flower.'' | |
| − | + | - ''den dom (house) sobre (above) – above the house'' | |
c) Nominative marker is da (used only when necessary): | c) Nominative marker is da (used only when necessary): | ||
| − | + | - ''Mata (mother) samaji (to understand) me (I) sam (same) hao (good, well) kom (as) da yu (you). – Mother understands me as well as you do.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Mata (mother) samaji (to understand) me (I) sam (same) hao (good, well) kom (as) den yu (you). – Mother understands me as well as you.'' | |
| − | |||
| − | + | 1.3. Gender: | |
| − | + | a) Nouns don't belong to any gender: ''amiga – friend (male or female)'' | |
b) One can specify the sex of a human by: | b) One can specify the sex of a human by: | ||
| − | particles man- and gin- | + | particles '''man'''- and '''gin'''- |
| − | + | - ''leker (doctor) – man-leker (male-doctor) – gin-leker (female doctor)'' | |
| − | + | - ''kota (cat) – man-kota (male-cat) – gin-kota (female-cat)'' | |
| − | changing "a" with -o and -ina: | + | changing "a" with -'''o''' and -'''ina''': |
| − | + | - ''amiga (friend) – amigo (male friend) – amigina (female friend)'' | |
c) Some nouns imply the sex of the human: | c) Some nouns imply the sex of the human: | ||
| − | + | - ''man (man) – gina (woman)'' | |
| − | + | - ''boy (boy) – gela (girl)'' | |
| − | + | - ''patra (father) – mata (mother)'' | |
| − | + | - ''son (son) – docha (daughter)'' | |
| − | + | - ''opa (grandfather) – oma (grandmother)'' | |
| − | + | - ''brata (brother) – sista (sister)'' | |
| − | + | - ''onkla (uncle) – tia (aunt)'' | |
| − | |||
| − | + | 1.4. Apposition may be marked with '''to''' (from "to es" – that is): | |
| + | |||
| + | - ''Me (I) to kitabnik (book lover) lekti (to read) mucho (much). – I, being a book lover, read a lot.'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | - ''Molya (wife) gro-lubi (to adore) suy (her) mursha (husband) to soldata (soldier). – The wife adores her husband who is a soldier.'' | ||
| − | |||
1.5. There is no article (numeral "un" (one) and demonstrative pronouns like "sey" (this) are used instead, when necessary). | 1.5. There is no article (numeral "un" (one) and demonstrative pronouns like "sey" (this) are used instead, when necessary). | ||
| − | 2. Pronouns that function like nouns | + | |
| + | ==== 2. Pronouns that function like nouns ==== | ||
2.1. Personal: | 2.1. Personal: | ||
| − | a) me (I), nu (we), yu (you), ta (he / she), li (they) | + | a) '''me''' (I), '''nu''' (we), '''yu''' (you), '''ta''' (he / she), '''li''' (they) |
| − | + | - ''Nu (we) vidi (to see) li (they). – We see them.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) dumi (to think) om (about) yu (you). – I'm thinking about you.'' | |
| − | b) lu (he), ela (she), it (it), yu oli (you all), oni (one), ambi (both) | + | b) '''lu''' (he), '''ela''' (she), '''it''' (it), '''yu oli''' (you all), '''oni''' (one), '''ambi''' (both) |
| − | + | - ''Oni (one) shwo (to say) ke ("that")... – One says that...'' | |
| − | + | - ''Es (is) kitaba (book). Me (I) pren (to take) it (it). – This is a book. I take it.'' | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) hev (to have) dwa (two) kota (cat). Ambi (both) es (is / are) swate (black). – I have two cats. They both are black.'' | |
| − | |||
| − | + | 2.2. Reflexive: '''swa''' (oneself), '''mutu''' (one another) | |
| − | + | - ''Me (I) woshi (to wash) swa (oneself). – I wash myself.'' | |
| + | |||
| + | - ''Ela (she) lubi (to love) swa (oneself). – She loves herself.'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | - ''Nu (we) lubi (to love) mutu (one another). – We love one another.'' | ||
| − | |||
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| − | |||
| − | + | 2.4. Demonstrative: '''se''' (this), '''to''' (that) | |
| + | |||
| + | - ''Se (this) es (is) auto (car), to (that) es (is) avion (airplane). – This is a car, that is an airplane. '' | ||
2.5. Relative: | 2.5. Relative: | ||
| − | a) ke ("that" – object) | + | a) '''ke''' ("that" – object) |
| − | + | - ''Es (is) kitaba (book) ke ("that") yu (you) he ("past tense") lekti (to read). – This is the book that you have read.'' | |
| − | b) kel ("who / which" – subject, or with a preposition) | + | b) '''kel''' ("who / which" – subject, or with a preposition) |
| − | + | - ''Es (is) boy (boy) kel (who) janmog (to know how) gani (to sing) muy (very) hao (good, well). – This is the boy who can sing very well.'' | |
| − | 2.6. sama (the same thing) | + | 2.6. '''sama''' (the same thing) |
| − | + | - ''Hao (good) Nove (new) Yar (year)! – Sama (the same thing) a yu (to you)! – Happy New Year! – The same (thing) to you!'' | |
=== 3. Adjective === | === 3. Adjective === | ||
