Gramatika pa inglish
(→Simple sentence) |
(→Simple sentence) |
||
| Line 120: | Line 120: | ||
| − | + | Word order in a clause: subject – predicate – object (usually) | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
''Me (I) lubi (to love) yu (you). – I love you.'' | ''Me (I) lubi (to love) yu (you). – I love you.'' | ||
| − | + | To mark the change of the word order special particles are used: | |
a) da (before the subject) | a) da (before the subject) | ||
| Line 132: | Line 130: | ||
b) den (before the object): | b) den (before the object): | ||
| − | ''Lubi (to love) da me (I). – I love. | + | ''Lubi (to love) da me (I). – I love.'' |
| − | Den yu (you) me (I) lubi (to love). – I love you. It's you whom I love. | + | ''Den yu (you) me (I) lubi (to love). – I love you. It's you whom I love.'' |
| − | '' | + | |
| − | |||
| − | + | Word order in a phrase: adjective is before a noun (usually). | |
''Es (is/are) may (my) syao (little) son (son). – That's my little son.'' | ''Es (is/are) may (my) syao (little) son (son). – That's my little son.'' | ||
| − | + | To emphasize the adjective, it can be placed after the noun. | |
''Me (I) pri (to like) elay (her) gran (big) okos (eyes) blu (blue). – I like her big blue eyes.'' | ''Me (I) pri (to like) elay (her) gran (big) okos (eyes) blu (blue). – I like her big blue eyes.'' | ||
| Line 153: | Line 149: | ||
3. Predicative adjectives and nominals | 3. Predicative adjectives and nominals | ||
| − | ''May (my) mata (mother) es (is) talimer (teacher). – My mother is a teacher. | + | ''May (my) mata (mother) es (is) talimer (teacher). – My mother is a teacher.'' |
| − | May (my) sista (sister) yao (to want) bikam (to become) leker (doctor). – My sister wants to become a doctor. | + | ''May (my) sista (sister) yao (to want) bikam (to become) leker (doctor). – My sister wants to become a doctor.'' |
| − | Sey (this) gela (girl) es (is) muy (very) jamile (beautiful). – This girl is very beautiful. | + | ''Sey (this) gela (girl) es (is) muy (very) jamile (beautiful). – This girl is very beautiful.'' |
| − | Es (is) jamile (beautiful) hir (here). – It's beautiful here.'' | + | ''Es (is) jamile (beautiful) hir (here). – It's beautiful here.'' |
| Line 165: | Line 161: | ||
4. Impersonal sentence (without the subject) | 4. Impersonal sentence (without the subject) | ||
| − | Pluvi (to rain) gro (much). – It rains / is raining much. | + | ''Pluvi (to rain) gro (much). – It rains / is raining much.'' |
| − | Treba (it's necessary) shwo (to talk). – It's necessary to talk. | + | ''Treba (it's necessary) shwo (to talk). – It's necessary to talk.'' |
| − | Es (is) garme (hot). – It's hot. | + | ''Es (is) garme (hot). – It's hot.'' |
| − | 5. Negation | + | 5. Negation: negation particle bu is placed before the verb group. |
| − | + | ''Lu (he) bu (not) somni (to sleep). – He doesn't sleep / isn't sleeping.'' | |
| − | + | ''Me (I) bu (not) wud (would) yao (to want) resti (to remain) dar (there). – I won't stay there.'' | |
| − | + | If there is at least one negative word in the phrase, the whole phrase gets a negative meaning. If there are several of them, that only emphasizes the negative meaning. | |
| − | + | ''Lu (he) bu (not) samaji (to understand) nixa (nothing), neva (never)! – He doesn't understand anything, ever!'' | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | 6. | + | 6. General question: the particle '''ob''' (is placed before the phrase): |
| − | + | ''Ob yu (you) lubi (to love) me (I)? – Do you love me?'' | |
| − | + | Possible answers: '''ya''' (yes), '''non''' (no), '''doh''' | |
| − | a) Ob yu lubi me? – Ya, me lubi. Non, me bu lubi. – | + | a) Ob yu lubi me? – Ya, me lubi. Non, me bu lubi. – Do you love me? – Yes, I do. No, I don't. |
| − | + | b) Ob yu bu lubi me? – Ya / non, me bu lubi. Doh, me lubi. – Don't you love me? – No, I don't. Yes, I do. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | Other ways to make a general question: | |
| − | a) "bu ver?" (is placed after a phrase, with a comma): | + | a) "'''bu ver'''?" (is placed after a phrase, with a comma): |
| − | + | ''Es (is) hao (good) meteo (weather), bu (not) ver (really)? – The weather is good, isn't it?'' | |
| − | Possible answers: ver (yes, it's true), bu es ver (no, it isn't true). | + | Possible answers: '''ver''' (yes, it's true), '''bu es ver''' (no, it isn't true). |
b) Repeating of the verb with "bu" particle: | b) Repeating of the verb with "bu" particle: | ||
| − | + | ''Yu lai-bu-lai? – Are you coming (or not)?'' | |
| + | |||
| + | |||
7. Special question | 7. Special question | ||
| Line 217: | Line 211: | ||
In a special question the question word is put in the beginning of the phrase, the word order doesn't change. The inversion can occur only in the phrase with the verb "bi / es/ bin": Wo (where) es (is) may (my) kalam (pencil)? – Where is my pencil? | In a special question the question word is put in the beginning of the phrase, the word order doesn't change. The inversion can occur only in the phrase with the verb "bi / es/ bin": Wo (where) es (is) may (my) kalam (pencil)? – Where is my pencil? | ||
| − | + | '''hu''' – who: ''Hu (who) somni (to sleep)? – Who sleeps?'' | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | '''kwo''' – what: ''Kwo (what) yu (you) vidi (to see)? – What do you see?'' | |
| − | + | '''kwel''' – what sort of, which: ''Kwel (what) flor (flower) yu (you) pri (to like)? – What flower do you like?'' | |
| − | + | '''komo''' – how: ''Komo (how) yu (you) zwo (to make) se (this)? – How do you make this / have you made this?'' | |
| − | + | '''way''' – why: ''Way (why) yu (you) bu (not) somni (to sleep)? – Why don't you sleep?'' | |
| − | + | '''wen''' – when: ''Wen (when) yu (you) lai (to come)? – When are you coming?'' | |
| − | + | '''wo''' – where: ''Wo (where) es (is) may (my) docha (daughter)? – Where is my daughter?'' | |
| − | + | '''a wo''' – where, to what direction: ''A wo (where) yu (you) yao (to want) go (to go)? – Where do you want to go?'' | |
| − | + | '''fon wo''' – where from: ''Fon wo (where from) yu (you) lai (to come)? – Where do you come from?'' | |
| − | + | '''kwanto''' – how many, how much: ''Kwanto (how many) bonbon (sweets) yu (you) he ("past tense") chi (to eat)? – How many sweets have you eaten?'' | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | 8. Emphasizing of the whole phrase meaning: '''ya''' (before or after the predicate) | |
| − | + | ''Me (I) ya lubi (to love) yu (you)! – I love you indeed!'' | |
| − | + | ''Es (is) ya hao (good) dey (day)! – What a good day!'' | |
| − | |||
| − | 9. Emphasizing of a single word: hi (in assertion), ku (in a question) | + | 9. Emphasizing of a single word: '''hi''' (in assertion), '''ku''' (in a question) |
| − | + | ''Me (I) hi bu (not) yao (to want) somni (to sleep). – Personally I don't want to sleep.'' | |
| − | + | ''Yu (you) ku bu (not) yao (to want) somni (to sleep)? – Is it you who doesn't want to sleep?'' | |
== Compound Sentence == | == Compound Sentence == | ||
